Subtitles section
Repeat sentence
Subtitles mode
Full screen
Previous
Next
x 1.0
Playback speed
More

What Have Sunflowers Got To Do With Nuclear Disasters?

Video vocabulary

chemistry

Copy vocabulary

US / 'kemɪstrɪ /

UK / ˈkɛmɪstri /

B1
  • noun
  • The study of the structure of substances

typically

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈtɪpɪkli /

UK / ˈtɪpɪklɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • In a normal or usual way

unstable

Copy vocabulary

US / ʌnˈsteɪbl /

UK / ʌnˈstebəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a chair, etc.) likely to move, fall etc.
  • Tending to overreact emotionally; not balanced

disaster

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) /

UK / dɪˈzæstɚ, -ˈsæs- /

A2
  • noun
  • State of extreme ruin and misfortune

from

Copy vocabulary

US / frəm /

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

A1
  • preposition
  • Starting at a particular place, time or level

form

Copy vocabulary

US / fɔ:m /

UK / fɔrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Sports team or person's current winning record
  • Document you complete when making an application
  • Visible shape or style; type; kind
  • verb
  • To organize something such as a club or group
  • To develop; to come into a shape or substance
  • To make something into a particular shape

out

Copy vocabulary

US / aʊt /

UK / aʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
  • Away from home, business, or the usual place
  • In a direction/movement away from inside or center
  • noun
  • Act when a batter cannot continue playing
  • verb
  • To tell people a secret

over

Copy vocabulary

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

UK / ˈovɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Finished; no longer happening
  • Towards the ground/away from a standing position
  • noun
  • A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
  • other
  • Finished
  • preposition
  • Showing the relation when a thing is above another
  • On or covering something
  • Above or across something
  • More than you need
  • From one side to the other
  • In the direction of; toward

bird

Copy vocabulary

US / bɜ:d /

UK / bɜ:rd /

A1
  • noun
  • Animal with feathers that uses wings to fly

arise

Copy vocabulary

US / əˈraɪz /

UK / əˈraɪz /

A2
  • verb
  • To stand up
  • To result or happen due to a particular event

complex

Copy vocabulary

US / 'kɒmpleks /

UK / kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
  • noun
  • Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
  • Psychological issue regarding self-image

environment

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

A1
  • noun
  • Natural world in which plants and animals live
  • The entire surrounding conditions of something

dispose

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪ'spəʊz /

UK / dɪˈspoz /

B1
  • verb
  • To get rid of by throwing away

extraction

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪkˈstrækʃn /

UK / ɪkˈstrækʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Process of taking something out of something else
  • Country, region from which a person or family came

large

Copy vocabulary

US / lɑ:dʒ /

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

majority

Copy vocabulary

US / mə'dʒɒrətɪ /

UK / məˈdʒɔrɪti, -ˈdʒɑr- /

B1
  • noun
  • Amount that is more than half of a group

most

Copy vocabulary

US / məʊst /

UK / most /

A1
  • adverb
  • Very; extremely
  • Greatest possible degree
  • pronoun
  • Nearly all of something

aim

Copy vocabulary

US / eɪm /

UK / em /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of pointing something at a target
  • Purpose or goal
  • verb
  • To point something at a target
  • To intend to get a thing or for a thing to happen

any

Copy vocabulary

US / 'enɪ /

UK / ˈɛni /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • One, or some, no matter which
  • pronoun
  • One (thing) of many; some

distance

Copy vocabulary

US / 'dɪstəns /

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

A2
  • noun
  • Lack of friendliness toward another person
  • Amount of space between two places or things
  • verb
  • To make it clear that you are not involved

effort

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈefət /

UK / ˈɛfət /

A2
  • noun
  • Amount of work used trying to do something

come

Copy vocabulary

US / kʌm /

UK / kʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To arrive at a place
  • (Of mail) to be delivered
  • To move toward someone; go with someone
  • To reach a certain point or state

company

Copy vocabulary

US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

A1
  • noun
  • Good feeling from being with someone else
  • A business that sells things or provides services
  • Guests, especially in your home
  • Being with another person rather than alone

isotope

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈaɪsətəʊp /

UK / ˈaɪsətoʊp /

A1
  • noun
  • Chemical element nearly identical, but with differing weights

failure

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈfeɪljə(r) /

UK / 'feɪljər /

A1
  • noun
  • When things go wrong; lack of function
  • Act or result of not achieving your goals

observe

Copy vocabulary

US / əbˈzɜ:v /

UK / əbˈzɜ:rv /

A2
  • verb
  • To celebrate a particular holiday/religious event
  • To obey or follow laws, rules, or customs
  • To watch carefully; to make a comment

and

Copy vocabulary

US / ənd /

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to refer to two or more things
  • Plus; in addition; on top of that
  • Used to introduce an action that follows another

base

Copy vocabulary

US / beɪs /

UK / bes /

A2
  • noun
  • Place military personnel live, train, and operate
  • Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
  • Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
  • Most important idea or ingredient to add others
  • Origin or start from which something came
  • Main place where an organization or a person works
  • verb
  • To use as the starting point or origin for
  • To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

brilliance

Copy vocabulary

US / 'brɪlɪəns /

UK / ˈbrɪljəns /

B2
  • noun
  • Great amount of skill or intelligence
  • The (great amount of) brightness of something

seed

Copy vocabulary

US / si:d /

UK / sid /

B1
  • noun
  • A person's children; offspring
  • Part of a plant used to grow more on them
  • Source of a feeling or thought
  • Top-ranked person in a competition, e.g. in tennis
  • verb
  • (Of plants) to produce seeds for the future
  • To produce seeds, as a plant
  • To remove the center part from a fruit or vegetable
  • To be the source of a feeling or thought
  • To plant seeds in the ground

variety

Copy vocabulary

US / və'raɪətɪ /

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Particular type of thing or person

call

Copy vocabulary

US / kɔ:l /

UK / kɔl /

A1
  • noun
  • A order or request for action
  • The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
  • A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
  • A short visit to a place or person
  • A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
  • verb
  • To make a request or order for action
  • (Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
  • To announce the date of an election
  • To make a judgment about something
  • To give someone or something a name
  • To guess in advance the result or outcome
  • To visit a place or person for a short time
  • To phone someone
  • To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

fukushima

Copy vocabulary

US / fukuˈʃimə /

UK / /

A1

leave

Copy vocabulary

US / li:v /

UK / liv /

A1
  • noun
  • Permission to do something
  • Vacation time; time off work
  • verb
  • To go away from; depart
  • To gift property to someone after you die
  • To allow something to continue happening
  • To let something remain unused or available
  • To let something or someone remain somewhere

nucleus

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈnju:kliəs /

UK / ˈnu:kliəs /

B2
  • noun
  • Center of an atom
  • Control center of a cell
  • Most important part of something larger

owe

Copy vocabulary

US / əʊ /

UK / o /

A2
  • verb
  • To need to do something in return for a favor etc.
  • To credit someone or thing for making it possible
  • To have a commitment to pay someone for something

radiation

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn /

UK / ˌrediˈeʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Energy transmitted as rays, waves or particles
  • Process of emitting something in waves
  • Harmful waves of energy from nuclear activity

clean

Copy vocabulary

US / kli:n /

UK / klin /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not marked in any way; blank
  • Done according to the rules or standards; fair
  • Free from disease or sickness
  • Being free from dirt or marks; washed
  • Behaving well; not breaking any rules; legal
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely
  • verb
  • To make free from dirt or marks; washed
  • To make neat and orderly e.g. a room
  • To remove the inner parts of an animal

incinerate

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪnˈsɪnəreɪt /

UK / ɪnˈsɪnəˌret /

C1
  • verb
  • To burn, especially to burn completely

normally

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈnɔ:məli /

UK / ˈnɔːrməli /

B1
  • adverb
  • In the manner that is usual or ordinary

possibility

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌpɒsə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / ˌpɑsəˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • Something with a chance of happening or being true

only

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈəunli /

UK / ˈonli /

A1
  • adverb
  • Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
  • Not very important or serious
  • Just that type of thing, person
  • Short time ago; not before a certain time
  • conjunction
  • Except; but

pyrolysis

Copy vocabulary

US / paɪ'rɒlɪsɪs /

UK / paɪ'rɒləsɪs /

A1
  • noun
  • Transformation of a substance produced by the action of heat

release

Copy vocabulary

US / rɪ'li:s /

UK / rɪ'li:s /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
  • Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
  • Relief from sadness, suffering or trouble
  • Act of freeing from a jail, cage, prison, etc.
  • verb
  • To free someone from a responsibility or burden
  • To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
  • To allow to leave a jail, cage, etc.; let out
  • To let go of something you are holding

trigger

Copy vocabulary

US / 'trɪɡə(r) /

UK / ˈtrɪɡɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
  • Device that starts a process
  • verb
  • To start a process off e.g. a memory

continue

Copy vocabulary

US / kən'tɪnju: /

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

A1
  • verb
  • To do something without stopping, or after pausing
  • To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

should

Copy vocabulary

US / ʃʊd /

UK / ʃʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

utilize

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈju:təlaɪz /

UK / ˈjutlˌaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To use something for a particular purpose

radioactive

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌreɪdɪəʊ'æktɪv /

UK / ˌredioˈæktɪv /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Emitting harmful energy from nuclear activity

use

Copy vocabulary

US / ju:s /

UK / ju:s /

A1
  • noun
  • Ability to employ something
  • Need to enable it to work
  • Permission to do something with something
  • Act of spending money
  • Operation of a machine for its function
  • verb
  • To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
  • To need to operate or work
  • To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
  • To treat a person badly
  • To do something with, for a task or purpose

enhance

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪn'hɑ:ns /

UK / ɛnˈhæns /

B1
  • verb
  • To improve; make bigger or better

mimic

Copy vocabulary

US / 'mɪmɪk /

UK / ˈmɪmɪk /

B2
  • noun
  • Someone who tries to act like another person
  • verb
  • To copy a person's words/actions to amuse people
  • To look or act like something else

new

Copy vocabulary

US / nju: /

UK / nu, nju /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not old, recently born, built or made
  • Being or doing something for the first time
  • Not felt, seen or known previously
  • Having been recently bought or obtained

production

Copy vocabulary

US / prəˈdʌkʃn /

UK / prəˈdʌkʃən, pro- /

A2
  • noun
  • Process of producing or growing food naturally
  • Process of making something on a large scale
  • Process of making a movie or TV show

particle

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈpɑ:tɪkl /

UK / ˈpɑrtɪkəl /

B1
  • noun
  • Adverb or preposition that joins with a verb
  • Tiny piece or quantity of something

pond

Copy vocabulary

US / pɒnd /

UK / pɑ:nd /

A2
  • noun
  • Pool of water that is smaller than a lake

separate

Copy vocabulary

US / 'sepəreɪt /

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being different from or unrelated to another
  • verb
  • To divide two things by being in between them
  • To live away from your husband or wife
  • To move things away from each other

story

Copy vocabulary

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

A1
  • noun
  • One of many floors or levels in a building
  • Account or description of how something happened

carbon

Copy vocabulary

US / 'kɑ:bən /

UK / ˈkɑrbən /

B1
  • noun
  • Chemical element with an atomic number of 6

certain

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈsə:tn /

UK / ˈsɚtn /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Definite, fixed
  • Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
  • Being sure about something; without doubt

day

Copy vocabulary

US / deɪ /

UK / de /

A1
  • noun
  • A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
  • The period of time when it is light outside
  • Person's name

develop

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪ'veləp /

UK / dɪˈvɛləp /

A1
  • verb
  • To explain something in steps and in detail
  • To create or think of something
  • To grow bigger, more complex, or more advanced
  • To make a photograph from film

explain

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪk'spleɪn /

UK / ɪkˈsplen /

A1
  • verb
  • To make clear or easy to understand by describing

always

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

A1
  • adverb
  • For a very long time
  • At all times; in every situation
  • For ever

after

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

UK / ˈæftɚ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Later than another time, or behind something
  • conjunction
  • Following something before
  • preposition
  • When an event happened or time has passed

already

Copy vocabulary

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

A1
  • adverb
  • Having happened or been done before this time

many

Copy vocabulary

US / 'menɪ /

UK / ˈmɛni /

A1
  • determiner
  • Used to refer a large number of things

metabolize

Copy vocabulary

US / mə'tæbəlaɪz /

UK / mə'tæbəlaɪz /

C2
  • verb
  • (Of the body) to convert food into energy

mustard

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈmʌstəd /

UK / ˈmʌstərd /

B2
  • noun
  • Spicy yellow or brown condiment used to add flavor

vitrification

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌvɪtrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

UK / ˌvɪtrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

A1
  • noun
  • Vitrified substance; the glassy result of being vitrified the process of becoming vitreous

will

Copy vocabulary

US / wɪl /

UK / wɪl /

A1
  • noun
  • Desire or choice of someone
  • Document saying who gets your money when you die
  • Strong desire to do something; determination
  • Desire to do something; strong wish to do
  • other
  • Used with verbs to express the future
  • verb
  • To leave property to someone after your death
  • To use mental effort to make something happen
  • Am (is, are) likely to do
  • To influence someone to do something
  • To make something happen by strongly wanting it

contain

Copy vocabulary

US / kənˈteɪn /

UK / kənˈten /

A2
  • verb
  • To keep something from spreading
  • To hold something inside something else

burn

Copy vocabulary

US / bɜ:n /

UK / bɚn /

A1
  • noun
  • Damage from fire or heat
  • verb
  • To destroy with fire
  • To feel pain and heat
  • To use as fuel for a fire to make light or heat
  • To overcook food with too much heat it goes black

inside

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Being in something
  • Being in a building
  • adverb
  • Into a house; indoors
  • noun
  • Inner part or surface of something

once

Copy vocabulary

US / wʌns /

UK / wʌns /

A1
  • adverb
  • One time; one instance
  • At a time in the past
  • conjunction
  • When; as soon as

toxic

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈtɒksɪk /

UK / ˈtɑksɪk /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Poisonous; harmful
  • (Of relationships) harmful; causing conflict

while

Copy vocabulary

US / waɪl /

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

A1
  • conjunction
  • In spite of the fact that; although
  • During the time that; at the same time
  • noun
  • Short amount of time

would

Copy vocabulary

US / wʊd /

UK / wʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Used to indicate something imagined
  • Used to ask or request something politely
  • Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
  • Used to indicate a preference
  • Used to indicate a reaction
  • Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
  • Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

carry

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈkæri /

UK / ˈkæri /

A1
  • verb
  • To have a child, be pregnant
  • To have a disease you might give to others
  • (Of stores) to sell a particular product
  • To hold something and move it to another place
  • To travel a long distance (sound)
  • To support the weight or burden of something

become

Copy vocabulary

US / bɪ'kʌm /

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

A1
  • verb
  • To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
  • To be suitable for a particular job or role

contamination

Copy vocabulary

US / kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃən /

UK / kənˌtæməˈneʃən /

B2
  • noun
  • Being impure because of a harmful agent

flower

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈflaʊə(r) /

UK / ˈflaʊɚ /

A2
  • noun
  • Plant with a pretty head, e.g. a rose
  • verb
  • (Of flowers) to emerge into full shape; to bloom
  • To develop successfully or fully

development

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
  • A new event related to a previous event

food

Copy vocabulary

US / fu:d /

UK / fud /

A1
  • noun
  • What people and animals eat to live
  • Things taken in by plants to maintain life
  • A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

harvestable

Copy vocabulary

US / /

UK / /

A1

not

Copy vocabulary

US / nɒt /

UK / nɑt /

A1
  • adverb
  • Word indicating the negative
  • (Used to form the negative of verbs)

powerful

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈpauəful /

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Having control or influence over
  • Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

survive

Copy vocabulary

US / sə'vaɪv /

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

A2
  • verb
  • To continue to live despite illness or trouble

admire

Copy vocabulary

US / əd'maɪə(r) /

UK / ædˈmaɪr /

A2
  • verb
  • To feel respect or wonder toward someone

can

Copy vocabulary

US / kæn /

UK / kən,kæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A metal container for storing food
  • other
  • Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
  • verb
  • To have permission to
  • To be possible to do
  • To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

accumulate

Copy vocabulary

US / əˈkju:mjəleɪt /

UK / əˈkjumjəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To gather or acquire so that you have more of it

cesium

Copy vocabulary

US / 'si:zɪəm /

UK / 'si:zɪrm /

A1
  • noun
  • Soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive

description

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Explanation of what something is like, looks like

surprising

Copy vocabulary

US / səˈpraɪzɪŋ /

UK / sərˈpraɪzɪŋ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Making you feel a bit shocked because unexpected
  • verb
  • To do something that another person didn't expect

convert

Copy vocabulary

US / kən'vɜ:t /

UK / kənˈvɚt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person switching from one belief system to another
  • verb
  • To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
  • To change form, character, or function to another

potassium

Copy vocabulary

US / pəˈtæsiəm /

UK / pəˈtæsiəm /

B2
  • noun
  • A common, soft, silvery white metal with many uses

substantial

Copy vocabulary

US / səbˈstænʃl /

UK / səbˈstænʃəl /

C2
  • adjecitve
  • (Of a meal) able to satisfy your hunger; filling
  • Being large in degree, quantity, or size
  • Being strongly and firmly made or built

harvest

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈhɑ:vɪst /

UK / ˈhɑ:rvɪst /

B1
  • noun
  • Gathering crops from the fields; the crops
  • The time of year to bring crops in from the fields
  • verb
  • To gather ripe crops in from the fields

span

Copy vocabulary

US / spæn /

UK / spæn /

B1
  • noun
  • Distance between two supports of a bridge
  • Period of time that something continues for
  • other
  • Periods of time that something continues for
  • verb
  • To go across a certain distance between things
  • To cover or extend over a time period

strontium

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈstrɒntiəm /

UK / ˈstrɑ:nʃiəm /

C2
  • noun
  • Soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element

significant

Copy vocabulary

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
  • Having meaning; important; noticeable
  • (Statistics) being clearly different

video

Copy vocabulary

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Of a moving film, with sound
  • noun
  • Recording capturing action with sound
  • verb
  • To make a moving film of, with sound

ability

Copy vocabulary

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

A2
  • noun
  • The power, resources or skill to do something

contaminant

Copy vocabulary

US / kənˈtæmɪnənt /

UK / kənˈtæmənənt /

C1
  • noun
  • Substance that pollutes or causes to be impure

but

Copy vocabulary

US / bət /

UK / bʌt,bət /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used before you say something different, opposite

exceedingly

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪkˈsi:dɪŋli /

UK / ɪkˈsidɪŋli /

B1
  • adverb
  • To an extreme degree

life

Copy vocabulary

US / laɪf /

UK / laɪf /

A1
  • noun
  • All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • Period of time things live, from birth to death

underground

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈʌndəgraʊnd /

UK / ˈʌndərgraʊnd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Being or living) under the surface of the earth
  • noun
  • Secret group organized to overthrow a government
  • Subway system, e.g. in London

vegetative

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈvedʒɪtətɪv /

UK / ˈvedʒɪteɪtɪv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • In a coma or paralyzed state
  • Concerning the process of plant-life

about

Copy vocabulary

US / ə'baʊt /

UK / əˈbaʊt /

A1
  • adverb
  • To be ready to; going to
  • Nearly; approximately; roughly
  • Near; next to; close to
  • In every direction; in the area of
  • preposition
  • Concerning or of (a topic)

even

Copy vocabulary

US / 'i:vn /

UK / ˈivən /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
  • Being divided equally or fairly
  • (Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
  • Smooth, level, or regular
  • Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
  • At a regular, equally steady manner
  • Remaining steady and unchanging
  • adverb
  • (When this is surprising) as well; too
  • (Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
  • verb
  • To make something level; to flatten
  • To make something equal

different

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not of the same kind; unlike other things

like

Copy vocabulary

US / laɪk /

UK / laɪk /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being equal in status or kind to something else
  • Similar; the same
  • adverb
  • For example
  • preposition
  • Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
  • In a way similar to the way something is done
  • Such as; for example
  • verb
  • To want to
  • To find something pleasing; to prefer something

site

Copy vocabulary

US / saɪt /

UK / saɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Place that is reserved for a particular activity
  • Location of building work
  • Location of something
  • Place where something of special interest happened
  • Website
  • verb
  • To place something in a particular position, area

that

Copy vocabulary

US / ðæt /

UK / ðæt, ðət /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • The person or thing being talked about
  • Used to identify something both the speakers know
  • adverb
  • Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
  • To such a degree
  • conjunction
  • Used to connect a noun clause
  • Used to introduce an adverbial clause
  • Used to introduce a noun clause
  • determiner
  • Used as a noun to refer to something
  • pronoun
  • Referring an object far away
  • Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

find

Copy vocabulary

US / faɪnd /

UK / faɪnd /

A1
  • noun
  • Object discovered by chance
  • Things that have been discovered from searching
  • verb
  • To become aware of something that is happening
  • To discover or meet by chance
  • To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
  • To learn through study, research, or effort
  • To discover something by looking for it

japan

Copy vocabulary

US / dʒəˈpæn /

UK / dʒəˈpæn /

A1
  • noun
  • A string of more than islands to the east of Asia
  • Lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient
  • Lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer
  • verb
  • Coat with a lacquer, as done in Japan

mean

Copy vocabulary

US / mi:n /

UK / min /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being good at
  • Nasty; unkind
  • Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
  • noun
  • Average of a set of numbers
  • verb
  • To express a particular idea or thought
  • To intend to do something in particular
  • To have a particular meaning or value

type

Copy vocabulary

US / taɪp /

UK / taɪp /

A1
  • noun
  • Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
  • Group of things or people sharing common features
  • verb
  • To identify something belonging to a group
  • To write by touching keys on a keyboard

contaminate

Copy vocabulary

US / kənˈtæmɪneɪt /

UK / kənˈtæməˌnet /

B2
  • verb
  • To make impure by adding a harmful element

coxcomb

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈkɒksˌkəʊm /

UK / /

A1
  • noun
  • Conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments; a cap worn by court jesters; ado

decontamination

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌdi:kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃn /

UK / ˌdi:kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃn /

C2
  • noun
  • Removal of contaminants, e.g. radioactive

glass

Copy vocabulary

US / ɡlɑ:s /

UK / ɡlæs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being made of glass
  • noun
  • Clear hard container used for drinking
  • A lens for eyewear
  • Hard see-through material used for making windows

locate

Copy vocabulary

US / ləʊ'keɪt /

UK / ˈloˌket,loˈket /

A2
  • verb
  • To find exactly where something is positioned
  • To put something in a new place

monumental

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌmɒnjuˈmentl /

UK / ˌmɑ:njuˈmentl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Mistake/waste of time) huge; very big; severe
  • Concerning or appearing like a monument

search

Copy vocabulary

US / sɜ:tʃ /

UK / sɜ:rtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Examination of person to find something
  • Action to find an answer to a problem
  • Action of trying to find someone or something
  • verb
  • To examine a person's clothing to find something
  • To look for an answer or explanation to a problem
  • To look carefully for someone or something

must

Copy vocabulary

US / məst /

UK / mʌst /

A1
  • noun
  • Something that is necessary or required
  • other
  • (Used to state that something ought to be true)
  • Used to say something is required or necessary

then

Copy vocabulary

US / ðen /

UK / ðɛn /

A1
  • adverb
  • A time that is not now
  • Following another thing in time or arrangement
  • Following on reasonably from what was just stated
  • At that time, not now

growth

Copy vocabulary

US / grəʊθ /

UK / groʊθ /

A2
  • noun
  • Improvement, development in a skill over time
  • A mass on the skin or body part related to illness
  • Act of growing

select

Copy vocabulary

US / sɪ'lekt /

UK / sɪˈlɛkt /

A2
  • verb
  • To choose a suitable thing from a group

ukraine

Copy vocabulary

US / ju:'kreɪn /

UK / ju:'kreɪn /

A1
  • other
  • A republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian st

element

Copy vocabulary

US / 'elɪmənt /

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

A2
  • noun
  • Essential or particular part of something

radioactivity

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌreɪdɪəʊæk'tɪvətɪ /

UK / ˌredioækˈtɪvɪti /

B2
  • noun
  • Emission of electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay

cause

Copy vocabulary

US / kɔ:z /

UK / kɔz /

A2
  • noun
  • Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • Reason for
  • verb
  • To make something happen; create effect or result

favourable

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈfeɪvərəbl /

UK / ˈfeɪvərəbl /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • When a good result or positive outcome is likely

radioactively

Copy vocabulary

US / /

UK / /

B2
  • adverb
  • So as to emit harmful nuclear energy

fixation

Copy vocabulary

US / fɪkˈseɪʃn /

UK / fɪkˈseʃən /

C2
  • noun
  • Thing you think about so much it's unhealthy

specie

Copy vocabulary

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

B1
  • noun
  • Singular of species

tissue

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈtɪʃu: /

UK / ˈtɪʃu /

A2
  • noun
  • Substance formed by cells of living thing; flesh
  • Kind of thin, light paper used to pack objects
  • Thin soft paper for blowing the nose, etc.

stay

Copy vocabulary

US / steɪ /

UK / ste /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal order to stop or delay an action
  • Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
  • Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
  • verb
  • To keep trying without giving up
  • To remain in the same place and not move away
  • To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

example

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

A1
  • noun
  • Thing, person which represents a category

method

Copy vocabulary

US / 'meθəd /

UK / ˈmɛθəd /

A2
  • noun
  • (Organized and planned) way of doing something

country

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈkʌntri /

UK / ˈkʌntri /

A1
  • noun
  • An area of land that is controlled by a government
  • Open land that is away from towns and cities

kilometre

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈkɪləmi:tə(r) /

UK / ˈkɪləmiːtər /

A1
  • noun
  • A metric unit of length equal to 1000 metres

atom

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ætəm /

UK / ˈætəm /

B1
  • noun
  • Smallest bit that matter can be broken down into

celebrate

Copy vocabulary

US / 'selɪbreɪt /

UK / ˈsɛləˌbret /

A2
  • verb
  • To observe an event or occasion, e.g. a birthday
  • To lead or participate in a religious ceremony
  • To express praise or thanks for something

principle

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈprɪnsəpl /

UK / ˈprɪnsəpəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Moral rule or belief governing a person's behavior
  • Natural law that explains how things work

they

Copy vocabulary

US / ðeɪ /

UK / ðe /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Two or more people, animals, or things

toxin

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈtɒksɪn /

UK / ˈtɑ:ksɪn /

B1
  • noun
  • Any poisonous substance

tsunami

Copy vocabulary

US / tsu:ˈnɑ:mi /

UK / tsʊˈnɑmi /

B2
  • noun
  • Huge sea wave often caused by an earthquake

very

Copy vocabulary

US / 'verɪ /

UK / ˈvɛri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a large degree or amount
  • adverb
  • A lot; much; many
  • Used to stress or emphasize a noun

proficient

Copy vocabulary

US / prəˈfɪʃnt /

UK / prəˈfɪʃənt /

B2
  • adjecitve
  • Being very skilled at something; being expert at

absorb

Copy vocabulary

US / əb'sɔ:b /

UK / əbˈsɔrb, -ˈzɔrb /

B1
  • verb
  • To take up all attention / energy of something
  • To take in a liquid; soak up

approach

Copy vocabulary

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

A2
  • noun
  • Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
  • Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
  • Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
  • verb
  • To get close to reaching something or somewhere
  • To request someone to do something specific

cleanse

Copy vocabulary

US / klenz /

UK / klɛnz /

B1
  • verb
  • To remove impurities or pollutants from something

dazzle

Copy vocabulary

US / 'dæzl /

UK / ˈdæzəl /

B2
  • noun
  • Strong bright light that makes you unable to see
  • verb
  • To make one feel great excitement or admiration
  • (Of a bright light) to cause to not be able to see

isolate

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈaɪsəleɪt /

UK / ˈaɪsəˌlet /

B1
  • verb
  • To identify, consider, or deal with separately
  • To keep in a place or situation apart from others
  • To separate something from another substance

reactor

Copy vocabulary

US / riˈæktə(r) /

UK / riˈæktɚ /

B1
  • noun
  • Device to control nuclear energy as a power source

remediation

Copy vocabulary

US / rɪˌmi:dɪ'eɪʃn /

UK / rɪˌmi:dɪ'eɪʃn /

C1
  • noun
  • Action to fix or repair a problem

selectively

Copy vocabulary

US / sɪ'lektɪvlɪ /

UK / sɪ'lektɪvlɪ /

A2
  • adverb
  • Only remembering what you want to

simple

Copy vocabulary

US / 'sɪmpl /

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Not hard to understand or do; not complex
  • Having only a few parts; not complex
  • Being ordinary or normal
  • Being plain; without a lot added for style

result

Copy vocabulary

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

A2
  • noun
  • Something produced through tests or experiments
  • Final score of a competition, election or game
  • verb
  • To be the outcome of other causes and effects

show

Copy vocabulary

US / ʃəʊ /

UK / ʃo /

A1
  • noun
  • False display of love, emotion or action
  • An event for displaying or promoting goods
  • Play, opera or theater production
  • Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
  • verb
  • To be easily seen or displayed
  • To display your emotions or feelings
  • To let someone see something; display
  • To explain or teach how something is done
  • To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
  • To prove something to be true, correct
  • To reveal or allow something to be seen

biology

Copy vocabulary

US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

A2
  • noun
  • The study of living things

chance

Copy vocabulary

US / tʃɑ:ns /

UK / tʃæns /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Happening by luck; not planned
  • Taking a risk to try something
  • noun
  • The way something happens without planning
  • An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
  • The possibility that something will happen
  • verb
  • To occur just through luck; happen
  • To take a risk to try something

all

Copy vocabulary

US / ɔ:l /

UK / ɔl /

A1
  • adverb
  • Completely; totally
  • determiner
  • Being every one of something
  • pronoun
  • 100% of something; the complete amount

its

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪts /

UK / ɪts /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
  • determiner
  • Of something; belonging or related to something
  • other
  • Possessive form of “it”

outcome

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈaʊtkʌm /

UK / ˈaʊtˌkʌm /

A2
  • noun
  • Something that happens as a result, consequence

photosynthesis

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs /

UK / ˌfotoˈsɪnθɪsɪs /

C1
  • noun
  • Process of plants using the sun to make their food

implement

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈɪmplɪment /

UK / ˈɪmpləmənt /

B1
  • noun
  • A tool
  • verb
  • To start to do something you plan to do

move

Copy vocabulary

US / mu:v /

UK / muv /

A1
  • noun
  • Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
  • An action; doing something
  • Step taken to achieve a goal
  • verb
  • To cause someone to have certain emotions
  • To cause something to change to a different place
  • To change where people live or a business operates
  • To take action to do or achieve something

their

Copy vocabulary

US / ðɛː /

UK / ðer /

A1
  • determiner
  • Belonging to them

way

Copy vocabulary

US / weɪ /

UK / we /

A1
  • adverb
  • Used to emphasize the amount of something
  • noun
  • Particular aspect of something being thought about
  • One of various choices that could be made
  • Particular existing condition or state
  • (Often long) distance or length of time
  • How something is done
  • Route to go to a place
  • Small street
  • Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

link

Copy vocabulary

US / lɪŋk /

UK / lɪŋk /

A2
  • noun
  • Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
  • Connection between two or more things or people
  • Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
  • verb
  • To join or connect together

removal

Copy vocabulary

US / rɪ'mu:vl /

UK / rɪˈmuvəl /

A2
  • noun
  • Act of getting rid of something completely
  • Act of making someone leave their job or position
  • Act of moving to a different place or position

project

Copy vocabulary

US / prəˈdʒekt /

UK / prəˈdʒɛkt /

A1
  • noun
  • A planned piece of work for specific purpose
  • Group of homes built by government for poor people
  • verb
  • To predict what will happen in the future
  • To show something on a screen using light
  • To stick out past the edge of something

bear

Copy vocabulary

US / bɛː /

UK / bɛr /

A2
  • noun
  • Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
  • Someone who expects stock market to fall
  • verb
  • To accept (responsibilities or duties)
  • To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
  • To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
  • To keep moving left or right while going forward
  • To show (sign of something)
  • To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

biomass

Copy vocabulary

US / 'baɪəʊmæs /

UK / 'baɪoʊmæs /

B2
  • noun
  • Number of living things in a particular area

clear

Copy vocabulary

US / klɪə(r) /

UK / klɪr /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Empty; without anything in it or on it
  • Being certain and without doubt
  • Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
  • Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
  • adverb
  • Completely; entirely; through the whole of
  • Away from; free from
  • verb
  • To recover from or remove a problem
  • To get rid of the entire contents of
  • To give permission for something to happen
  • To make a place or surface empty by removing
  • To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

indicate

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈɪndɪkeɪt /

UK / ˈɪndɪˌket /

A2
  • verb
  • To show something; direct attention to; point out
  • To represent something using a symbol or sign

radionuclide

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌreɪdɪəʊˈnjuːklaɪd /

UK / ˈredɪoˈnjʊˌklaɪd /

A1
  • noun
  • A radioactive nuclide, especially one used within the body for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

before

Copy vocabulary

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a time earlier than the present; previously
  • conjunction
  • In advance of something happening
  • preposition
  • In front of someone or something

have

Copy vocabulary

US / həv /

UK / hæv /

A1
  • verb
  • To drink, smoke, eat or use something
  • To experience the effects of something
  • To organize an event, or join in an activity
  • To own, possess, or hold something
  • To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

ingest

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪnˈdʒest /

UK / ɪn'dʒest /

C1
  • verb
  • To eat, drink, or swallow something

parallel

Copy vocabulary

US / 'pærəlel /

UK / ˈpærəˌlɛl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • (Of two lines) at equal distance from each other
  • (Of computer operation) happening at the same time
  • Very similar and often occurring at the same time
  • noun
  • A line on a map a set distance from the equator
  • verb
  • To be equal to, or like, something else
  • To compare

unwanted

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌʌnˈwɒntɪd /

UK / ʌnˋwɑntɪd /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Not desired

uptake

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈʌpteɪk /

UK / ˈʌpˌtek /

C1
  • noun
  • Process of being taken in by a living organism

float

Copy vocabulary

US / fləʊt /

UK / floʊt /

B1
  • noun
  • Object designed to stay on the surface of water
  • Decorated truck used in a festival
  • verb
  • To sell the shares of a company publicly
  • To move slowly and easily through air
  • To rest on the surface of water without sinking

rapidly

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ræpɪdlɪ /

UK / ˈræpɪdlɪ /

B1
  • adverb
  • With great speed; quickly

world

Copy vocabulary

US / wɜ:ld /

UK / wɜrld /

A1
  • noun
  • All the humans, events, activities on the earth
  • Political division due to some kind of similarity

behind

Copy vocabulary

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning a later or slower time than expected
  • Being in a losing position in a sporting event
  • Being in the past; old fashioned
  • adverb
  • Remaining
  • noun
  • The part of the body that one sits on
  • preposition
  • At or toward the back of someone or something
  • Supporting or helping someone

could

Copy vocabulary

US / kəd /

UK / kʊd /

A1
  • other
  • Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
  • Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

know

Copy vocabulary

US / nəʊ /

UK / noʊ /

A1
  • verb
  • To be familiar with a person or place, thing
  • To feel sure or be convinced about something
  • To discover or be aware of something
  • To be able to distinguish
  • To have knowledge of things

structural

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈstrʌktʃərəl /

UK / ˈstrʌktʃərəl /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or caused by structure

translocation

Copy vocabulary

US / /

UK / /

C2
  • noun
  • Exchange of chromosome parts

daiichi

Copy vocabulary

US / daɪ /

UK / daɪ /

A1

occasion

Copy vocabulary

US / ə'keɪʒn /

UK / əˈkeʒən /

A2
  • noun
  • Significant or important event or function
  • Time when something happens or takes place
  • verb
  • To make or cause something to happen; to lead to

phytoremediation

Copy vocabulary

US / faɪtəʊr'mi:dɪeɪʃn /

UK / faɪtoʊr'mi:dɪeɪʃn /

A1
  • noun
  • The technique of planting trees, grasses, or other vegetation in order to remove contaminants in the

blossom

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈblɒsəm /

UK / ˈblɑ:səm /

B2
  • noun
  • Flower from a tree, often one appearing in spring
  • verb
  • (Of a plant) to produce flowers, e.g. in spring
  • To grow into a state of beauty and maturity

dangerous

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈdeɪndʒərəs /

UK / ˈdendʒərəs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Involving the chance of hurt or damage; risky

deem

Copy vocabulary

US / di:m /

UK / dim /

B2
  • verb
  • To judge something to be a certain thing, way

hinder

Copy vocabulary

US / 'hɪndə(r) /

UK / ˈhɪndɚ /

B2
  • verb
  • To make something slow or difficult

intention

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪnˈtenʃn /

UK / ɪnˈtɛnʃən /

A2
  • noun
  • Aim or purpose

process

Copy vocabulary

US / prə'ses /

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

A2
  • noun
  • Dealing with official forms in the way required
  • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
  • verb
  • To organize and use data in a computer
  • To deal with official forms in the way required
  • To prepare by treating something in a certain way
  • To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
  • To convert by putting something through a machine

with

Copy vocabulary

US / wɪð /

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

A1
  • preposition
  • As an employee of a certain company
  • Against something or someone
  • By using something as a means
  • Due to; because of
  • Including
  • Possessing as a feature
  • Related to
  • (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
  • Used to express that people or things are together

store

Copy vocabulary

US / stɔ:(r) /

UK / stɔr, stor /

A2
  • noun
  • Place where things are kept for future use
  • Place where you can go to buy things
  • verb
  • To put things in a place for later use

via

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈvaɪə /

UK / ˈvaɪə, ˈviə /

B1
  • preposition
  • By the means of using something
  • By going through, by way of

low

Copy vocabulary

US / ləʊ /

UK / lo /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
  • Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
  • Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
  • (Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
  • noun
  • Situation of not having a lot of something

waste

Copy vocabulary

US / weɪst /

UK / west /

A2
  • noun
  • Materials left over after a process has finished
  • verb
  • To kill or severely harm someone
  • To use valuable things ineffectively

sunflower

Copy vocabulary

US / 'sʌnflaʊə(r) /

UK / ˈsʌnˌflaʊɚ /

C1
  • noun
  • Very tall plant with large, bright yellow flowers

symbolize

Copy vocabulary

US / 'sɪmbəlaɪz /

UK / ˈsɪmbəˌlaɪz /

B1
  • verb
  • To represent to show a thing's essential character

attribute

Copy vocabulary

US / əˈtrɪbju:t /

UK / əˈtrɪbjut /

B1
  • noun
  • Characteristic something has, e.g. size or color
  • Adjectives placed before the nouns they modify
  • verb
  • (Of books, art, music) to say it was composed by

fallout

Copy vocabulary

US / 'fɔ:laʊt /

UK / ˈfɔlˌaʊt /

C2
  • noun
  • Radioactive particles after a nuclear explosion

raft

Copy vocabulary

US / rɑ:ft /

UK / ræft /

B2
  • noun
  • Pieces of wood tied together as a kind of boat
  • Flat rubber boat filled with air so it floats

term

Copy vocabulary

US / tɜ:m /

UK / tɚm /

A1
  • noun
  • Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
  • Length of time something is expected to happen
  • Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
  • The (precise) name given to something
  • verb
  • To call; give a name to

follow

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈfɔləu /

UK / ˈfɑlo /

A1
  • verb
  • To come after someone; be guided by someone
  • To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
  • To be the logical result of something
  • To happen after something else happens
  • To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
  • To understand something happening or being said

free

Copy vocabulary

US / fri: /

UK / fri /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Living, happening without being controlled
  • Costing no money
  • Not working; not busy
  • verb
  • To release (e.g. bird) from a cage or prison

this

Copy vocabulary

US / ðɪs /

UK / ðɪs /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Used to indicate something already been discussed
  • Used to indicate something happening around now
  • adverb
  • An indication by a physical motion or gesture
  • A specific amount of
  • determiner
  • Person, thing, or idea near you
  • pronoun
  • Person, thing that has already been discussed

into

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ɪntə /

UK / ˈɪntu /

A1
  • preposition
  • Moving or going inside something
  • In the same direction as; in the direction of
  • So as to become; taking the state of

earthquake

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈɜ:θkweɪk /

UK / ˈɜ:rθkweɪk /

B1
  • noun
  • Heavy shaking of the ground due to natural forces

extract

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ekstrækt /

UK / ɪkˈstrækt /

B1
  • noun
  • Essential ingredient of a natural thing
  • Part taken from a longer written work
  • verb
  • To get a substance out of a plant, etc.
  • To get a person to share secret information
  • To remove something by pulling or cutting

other

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

UK / ˈʌðər /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • A thing different from that mentioned
  • determiner
  • (Something) else; not the first (one)
  • pronoun
  • Being the one and only thing of that category

power

Copy vocabulary

US / 'paʊə(r) /

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Legal or official right to perform certain actions
  • Ability to move forcefully and quickly
  • Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
  • Mathematical way to multiply a number
  • Condition of being in political control
  • Physical force, energy, and strength
  • verb
  • To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
  • To move something forcefully and quickly

than

Copy vocabulary

US / ðən /

UK / ðən /

A1
  • conjunction
  • Used to compare two things that are not equal

root

Copy vocabulary

US / ru:t /

UK / rut, rʊt /

A2
  • noun
  • Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
  • The origin or starting place of something
  • A number that is multiplied by itself
  • Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
  • Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
  • Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
  • verb
  • To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
  • (Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
  • To stop someone moving, as through fear

concentrated

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd /

UK / ˈkɑ:nsntreɪtɪd /

A2
  • verb
  • To cause to be present in large amount or number
  • To pay great attention to a task; focus
  • To remove water from a thing to make it more pure

lead

Copy vocabulary

US / li:d /

UK / lid /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Being the main part in movies or plays
  • noun
  • Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • Information that could help to solve a crime
  • Main part in a play or movie
  • Heavy, gray metal element
  • Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
  • Act of being at the front in a race or game
  • verb
  • To show the way or guide others
  • To be at the front of a race or game
  • To travel in front of; go in advance of others

material

Copy vocabulary

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
  • Belonging to the world of physical things
  • noun
  • Cloth; fabric
  • Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
  • Substance from which a thing is made of

the

Copy vocabulary

US / ðə /

UK / ðə /

A1
  • article
  • Used to refer to something already mentioned
  • Used to show there is only one of something
  • determiner
  • Used to describe all of a family

also

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

UK / ˈɔlso /

A1
  • adverb
  • In addition; too; in a similar way

how

Copy vocabulary

US / haʊ /

UK / haʊ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • To what degree? in what amount?
  • adverb
  • (Used to explain the way to do something)
  • exclamation
  • For what purpose or reason?
  • (Used to ask someone or something's condition)

year

Copy vocabulary

US / jə: /

UK / jɪr /

A1
  • noun
  • Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
  • Used to refer to the age of a person

you

Copy vocabulary

US / jʊ /

UK / ju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Person someone is speaking or writing to
  • Person or people in general

effective

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪˈfektɪv /

UK / ɪˈfɛktɪv /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working efficiently to produce a desired result

essential

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪ'senʃl /

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Extremely or most important and necessary

level

Copy vocabulary

US / 'levl /

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • (Sports) equal to another
  • Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
  • noun
  • Specific height of something
  • Amount of ability you have compared to others
  • Floor or deck within a building
  • Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
  • verb
  • To aim a gun at someone
  • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
  • To make things flat or even
  • To make a score equal to another, in sports

neutron

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈnu:ˌtrɔn, ˈnju:- /

UK / ˈnuˌtrɑn, ˈnju- /

A1
  • noun
  • Charge and mass about equal to a proton; enters into the structure of the atomic nucleus

plant

Copy vocabulary

US / plɑ:nt /

UK / plænt /

A2
  • noun
  • Factory or a place where things are made
  • Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
  • verb
  • To firmly position something (in the ground)
  • To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

state

Copy vocabulary

US / steɪt /

UK / stet /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning region within a country
  • noun
  • Region within a country, with its own government
  • Situation or condition something is in
  • verb
  • To say; declare as fact

body

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈbɒd.i /

UK / ˈbɑdi /

A1
  • noun
  • An object distinct from other objects
  • A group of people involved in an activity together
  • Main part of something
  • A person's physical self

demand

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

UK / dɪˈmænd /

A2
  • noun
  • Desire customers have to buy product, service
  • A strong request for someone to do something
  • verb
  • To strongly request someone to do something

safely

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈseɪfli /

UK / ˈseflɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Out of danger

grow

Copy vocabulary

US / ɡrəʊ /

UK / ɡro /

A1
  • verb
  • To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • To improve; to develop better skills over time
  • To develop and become bigger or taller over time

lower

Copy vocabulary

US / 'ləʊə(r) /

UK / ˈlaʊɚ, laʊr /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • In a position more near the bottom
  • verb
  • To move something downward to the ground

nuclear

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈnju:kliə(r) /

UK / ˈnukliɚ, ˈnju- /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • Concerning or involving the center of an atom

since

Copy vocabulary

US / sɪns /

UK / sɪns /

A1
  • adverb
  • At a point before the present time
  • conjunction
  • For this reason; because
  • preposition
  • From the time in the past that

test

Copy vocabulary

US / test /

UK / test /

A1
  • noun
  • A medical examination
  • Action to establish the truth or nature of
  • Examination; questions to measure knowledge
  • verb
  • To be given a medical examination
  • To try to establish the truth or nature of
  • To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

soil

Copy vocabulary

US / sɔɪl /

UK / sɔɪl /

B1
  • noun
  • Conditions in which something develops
  • Mix of natural material in which plants grow
  • Land of a certain country
  • verb
  • To get or become dirty

start

Copy vocabulary

US / stɑ:t /

UK / stɑrt /

A1
  • noun
  • First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
  • Sudden action or movement because you are scared
  • other
  • Beginning of something in place or time
  • verb
  • To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
  • To turn something on

amount

Copy vocabulary

US / ə'maʊnt /

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

A1
  • noun
  • Quantity of something
  • verb
  • To add up to a certain figure

field

Copy vocabulary

US / fi:ld /

UK / fild /

A1
  • noun
  • Area of study, such as physics or biology
  • Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
  • Open area of land, especially without buildings
  • Grassed area where you play some sports
  • verb
  • To respond to something or answer a question
  • To catch or stop a ball during a game

organic

Copy vocabulary

US / ɔ:ˈgænɪk /

UK / ɔrˈɡænɪk /

B1
  • adjecitve
  • Developing naturally and without a set structure
  • Concerning food made with few or no chemicals
  • Concerning living things

screening

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈskri:nɪŋ /

UK / ˈskrinɪŋ /

A2
  • verb
  • To hide or block something from being seen
  • To examine to find something, e.g. best candidate

spirit

Copy vocabulary

US / 'spɪrɪt /

UK / ˈspɪrɪt /

A2
  • noun
  • Person's strong determination or attitude
  • Unique qualities of person, place, or time
  • Part of a person thought to be moved by religion
  • Appearance or sense of a dead person
  • verb
  • To take someone away as if by magic

stave

Copy vocabulary

US / steɪv /

UK / stev /

C2
  • noun
  • Wooden post used in structures and buildings

chute

Copy vocabulary

US / ʃu:t /

UK / ʃut /

C1
  • noun
  • Sloping channel or passage to throw things down

for

Copy vocabulary

US / fə(r) /

UK / fɔr,fə /

A1
  • preposition
  • Used to show the purpose, or need of something

through

Copy vocabulary

US / θru: /

UK / θru /

A2
  • adjecitve
  • having finished using or doing something
  • adverb
  • From the beginning of something until the end
  • preposition
  • Over, in, across an entire thing or place
  • Allowing you to pass between, or to
  • By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

Copy vocabulary

US / waɪ /

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

A1
  • adverb
  • Question word to ask for a reason
  • exclamation
  • (Used to express surprise or approval)

animal

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈænɪml /

UK / ˈænəməl /

A1
  • noun
  • A living creature that is not a plant or person

disarmament

Copy vocabulary

US / dɪsˈɑ:məmənt /

UK / dɪsˈɑrməmənt /

B2
  • noun
  • Act of reducing or depriving of arms

just

Copy vocabulary

US / dʒʌst /

UK / dʒʌst /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
  • Doing or being what is right or fair
  • Legally correct; having enough evidence
  • adverb
  • Almost; nearly
  • Exactly at the time of
  • Exactly (the same as, like)

proton

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈprəʊtɒn /

UK / ˈproʊtɑ:n /

B2
  • noun
  • Tiny part of atom with positive electrical charge

begin

Copy vocabulary

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

A1
  • verb
  • To do the first part of an action; to start

meltdown

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈmeltdaʊn /

UK / ˈmɛltˌdaʊn /

B1
  • noun
  • Very large disaster, where everything goes wrong

water

Copy vocabulary

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

A1
  • noun
  • Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
  • Large area such as an ocean or sea
  • verb
  • (Of the eyes) to produce tears
  • (Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
  • To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

evolve

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪ'vɒlv /

UK / ɪˈvɑlv /

B1
  • verb
  • To develop certain features
  • To develop or change slowly over time
  • To slowly change or develop into something better

combination

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn /

UK / ˌkɑmbəˈneʃən /

B1
  • noun
  • Series of letters or numbers needed to open a lock
  • Act or result of mixing things together

few

Copy vocabulary

US / fju: /

UK / fju /

A1
  • pronoun
  • Not many, a small number

earth

Copy vocabulary

US / ɜ:θ /

UK / ɚθ /

A1
  • noun
  • Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
  • The planet we live on
  • Soil in which we grow plants

much

Copy vocabulary

US / mʌtʃ /

UK / mʌtʃ /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Very; to a high level or degree
  • adverb
  • A lot; large amount; a high degree of
  • Nearly; basically
  • On many occasions; often
  • noun
  • A large amount; a great quantity

system

Copy vocabulary

US / 'sɪstəm /

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

A1
  • adjecitve
  • Working in an organized, logical way
  • noun
  • Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

chernobyl

Copy vocabulary

US / tʃiəˈnɔ:bil /

UK / tʃɚˈnobəl, tʃjɪrˈnɔbɪl /

A1
  • proper noun
  • A town near Kiev in Ukraine where an accident at a nuclear power station in April 1986 resulted in s

capability

Copy vocabulary

US / ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti /

UK / ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti /

B1
  • noun
  • Means, ability, or potential to do something

question

Copy vocabulary

US / 'kwestʃən /

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

A1
  • noun
  • Issue or problems you are dealing with
  • What you ask about; issue
  • verb
  • To ask for or try to get information
  • To have or express concerns or uncertainty

nutrient

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈnju:triənt /

UK / ˈnutriənt /

B1
  • noun
  • A chemical living things needs to be healthy

initiate

Copy vocabulary

US / ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt /

UK / ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt /

A2
  • verb
  • To cause something to begin
  • To allow someone into a group by a special ceremony

poisoning

Copy vocabulary

US / ˈpɔɪəznɪŋ , ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ /

UK / ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ /

A2
  • verb
  • To affect something in a very negative way
  • To hurt or kill with a dangerous substance
  • Subtitles section
  • Did you know that sunflowers are the international symbol for nuclear disarmament?
  • In 1996, when Ukraine became a non-nuclear weapons state, sunflowers were planted at a missile base in the country to celebrate the monumental occasion.
  • Since then, sunflowers have come to symbolize a world free of nuclear weapons.
  • But that's not all there is to the story.
  • Following the 1986 meltdown at the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine, which released over 100 radioactive elements into the environment, sunflowers were planted in droves to extract the radioactive isotopes from the fallout-impacted sites.
  • This approach is based on the principle of phytoremediation, which employs the use of plants to cleanse the environment.
  • Radioactive isotopes are also known as radioisotopes, atoms that have an unstable combination of protons and neutrons inside their nucleus.
  • We have explained radioactivity in very simple terms in a separate video.
  • You can find its link in the description.
  • The Chernobyl Sunflower Project was born in 1994, when a New Jersey-based company planted sunflowers on a floating raft with the intention to absorb radioactive isotopes from the water.
  • The test was carried out on a 75-meter-square pond located at a distance of 1 kilometer from the Chernobyl reactor.
  • It was observed that the plants selectively absorbed radiosesium and radiostrontium from the water, and results indicated that about 95% of the radionuclides had been cleared out in a span of only 10 days.
  • While the majority of radiosesium stayed in the roots, most of the radiostrontium had moved to the shoots.
  • The sunflowers didn't metabolize the radionuclides, the flowers were incinerated, and the radioactive waste was disposed of safely.
  • The question is, how can a sunflower plant do any of that?
  • Life arose on Earth when levels of radiation were much higher than they are today.
  • Plants, in response, evolved ways to survive in adverse conditions, so it's not surprising that some plants have developed complex systems for the uptake and removal of toxic and even radioactive materials.
  • Sunflowers have the ability to soak up exceedingly large amounts of toxic elements in their tissues, like radiosesium and radiostrontium, which were found in the radioactively contaminated soils and water bodies around the power plant.
  • Owing to this enhanced capacity for metal uptake, sunflowers are called hyperaccumulators.
  • Not all plants can survive after absorbing toxins.
  • Many can't stave off the poisoning and will perish.
  • However, a sunflower's large biomass and its ability to grow rapidly allow it to isolate the contaminants and continue growing.
  • Certain nuclear isotopes mimic the nutrients that sunflowers would normally absorb from the soil.
  • Cesium, for example, mimics potassium, which is essential for photosynthesis, while strontium parallels calcium's chemistry, which is needed for the growth and structural development of the plant.
  • While searching for these nutrients, the plant readily uptakes the cesium and strontium that mimic these essential elements.
  • Sunflowers are proficient in the root-to-shoot translocation of contaminants, i.e., the absorbed radioactive contaminants are concentrated in the plant's biomass and converted into carbon-based forms.
  • The harvestable biomass of the grown-up sunflowers can be disposed of via pyrolysis, a process in which the organic carbon in the plant is burnt, leaving behind radioactive waste.
  • The radioactive waste can then be converted into glass by vitrification and stored safely underground.
  • There is always a chance of hyperaccumulator plants being ingested by animals or birds, thus causing contamination to spread through the food chain.
  • This is why sunflowers would typically be harvested before they start bearing seeds, as the aim is to harvest the biomass that contains the contaminants.
  • Once flowering and seed production are initiated, the plants don't have much vegetative growth, meaning that the production of harvestable tissue to store the contaminants is much lower.
  • For Chernobyl, while the decontamination of water using sunflowers showed favorable results, cleaning up the soil was not as effective.
  • Since remediation methods were implemented a few years after the fallout, the radiocesium had already been bound to the soil particles, which hindered its extraction.
  • Sunflowers were also planted in Fukushima, Japan, after a powerful earthquake triggered a tsunami, which led to a nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2013.
  • Efforts to implement phytoremediation using sunflowers in Japan, however, were not deemed successful and had a markedly different outcome than they did at Chernobyl.
  • This could be attributed to Fukushima having used a sunflower variety with no phytoextraction capabilities and cesium fixation in the soil.
  • This failure had significant implications in terms of the importance of screening plant types for phytoremediation, The selected plant species must be tolerant to high concentrations of the contaminant while accumulating a substantial amount of the target contaminant in its tissues.
  • It should grow rapidly and have a high biomass production capacity.
  • Field mustard, amaranthus, and coxcomb are some other plants that have been utilized for phytoremediation.
  • From lifting people's spirits to lifting toxicity from soil and water, sunflowers dazzle us with a brilliance that demands to be admired.
  • With its potential to cleanse the environment of the unwanted and the dangerous, the sunflower is no mere flower.
  • The myriad possibilities linked to the plant's biology have just begun to blossom.