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Can Ukraine Survive Another Year of War Against Russia

Original YouTube Video | TheInfographicsShow Published on 2024-02-16 Level：97 Speed：62 maxwordlevel：29

Video vocabulary

biden

US / spi:d /

•

UK / spid /

doctrine

US / ˈdɒktrɪn /

•

UK / ˈdɑktrɪn /

noun
Rules or principles taught in a system of beliefs

frontline

US / 'frʌntlɑɪn /

•

UK / 'frʌntlɑɪn /

noun
Front, especially one between military positions

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

lack

US / læk /

•

UK / læk /

noun
The state of not having or not having enough of
A shortage of something
verb
To not have, or not have enough, of something

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

backyard

US / ˌbækˈjɑ:d /

•

UK / ˌbækˈjɑ:rd /

adjecitve
Made in an amateurish or non-professional way
noun
Yard or garden behind a house

current

US / 'kʌrənt /

•

UK / ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr- /

adjecitve
Happening or being in the present time
noun
Electricity flowing through wires
Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

helicopter

US / 'helɪkɒptə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɚ /

noun
Aircraft with spinning blades at the top
verb
To transport by helicopter

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

fly

US / flaɪ /

•

UK / flai /

noun
Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
verb
To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
To move at a high speed
To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
To pilot people or items by plane
To travel through the air using wings

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

secure

US / sɪ'kjʊə(r) /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊr /

adjecitve
Being attached to something tightly and surely
(Place that is) locked, guarded and safe
verb
To get or achieve something with certainty
To firmly attach something to something else
To protect from danger or harm, keep things safe

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

threat

US / θret /

•

UK / θrɛt /

noun
Warning of probable trouble
A warning that you may be harmed

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

bullet

US / 'bʊlɪt /

•

UK / ˈbʊlɪt /

noun
Metal object fired from a gun
Dot at the beginning of each line in a list

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

barely

US / ˈbɛəli /

•

UK / ˈbɛrli /

adverb
Only just; just possible

aerospace

US / 'eərəʊspeɪs /

•

UK / ˈɛroˌspes /

noun
Industry of air and space travel

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

evacuate

US / ɪ'vækjʊeɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈvækjuˌet /

verb
To move people from dangerous to a safe places

dividend

US / 'dɪvɪdend /

•

UK / ˈdɪvɪˌdɛnd /

noun
Money given to the owners of stock in a company

expand

US / ɪk'spænd /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænd /

verb
To make something larger in size, number, amount

energy

US / 'enədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛnədʒi /

noun
Physical or mental strength

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

pathetic

US / pəˈθetɪk /

•

UK / pəˈθɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Causing feelings of sadness, pity and sympathy

roadblock

US / ˈrəʊdˌblɔk /

•

UK / ˈrodˌblɑk /

noun
Barrier set up by police to stop traffic

silver

US / 'sɪlvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪlvɚ /

adjecitve
Being the shiny gray color of mercury
noun
Person's name
Shiny gray color
Near white color metal with high value
Objects made from silver, such as dishes, forks
verb
To coat something with a layer of silver
To polish silver objects to make them shine

total

US / ˈtəʊtl /

•

UK / ˈtoʊtl /

adjecitve
Complete
noun
Whole number or amount of something
verb
To damage a car beyond repair

suddenly

US / ˈsʌdənli /

•

UK / ˈsʌdn:lɪ /

adverb
In an unexpected or very quick manner

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

type

US / taɪp /

•

UK / taɪp /

noun
Printed letters or blocks used for printing them
Group of things or people sharing common features
verb
To identify something belonging to a group
To write by touching keys on a keyboard

access

US / 'ækses /

•

UK / ˈæksɛs /

noun
Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
verb
To be able to use or have permission to use

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

frankly

US / ˈfræŋkli /

•

UK / ˈfræŋkli /

adverb
Speaking honestly and directly

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

situational

US / ˌsɪtjʊˈeɪʃən(ə)l /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
In a particular place or location

slowly

US / ˈsləʊli /

•

UK / ˈsloʊli /

adverb
In an unhurried or not speedy manner

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

step

US / step /

•

UK / stɛp /

noun
Movement done as part of a particular dance
Distance covered by one movement of a leg; stride
One part or stage in a process
Sound made by the feet while walking; footstep
Flat horizontal piece that forms stairs
verb
To raise and moving the foot to put it down

dead

US / ded /

•

UK / dɛd /

adjecitve
Not alive
Being bored or not interested
Unable to operate because electricity etc. ran out
Being unable to feel, physically or emotionally
adverb
Completely; absolutely

directly

US / dəˈrektli /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktli, daɪ- /

adverb
In a frank and honest way
Right away; immediately

element

US / 'elɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈɛləmənt /

noun
Essential or particular part of something

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

president

US / ˈprezɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈprɛzɪdənt,-ˌdɛnt /

noun
Person in charge of a country, or organization

medium

US / 'mi:dɪəm /

•

UK / ˈmidiəm /

noun
Method of expressing ideas or feelings
Something available in a middle size or condition
Person who claims to communicate with the dead

plummet

US / ˈplʌmɪt /

•

UK / ˈplʌmɪt /

verb
To fall quickly, as from the sky

win

US / wɪn /

•

UK / wɪn /

noun
Success in beating the other team or competitors
Success in a game or contest
verb
To get something as a prize because of a success
To gain something you want because of your efforts
To succeed in a game or contest

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

equipment

US / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

•

UK / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

noun
Tools or materials used to perform a task

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

predictable

US / prɪˈdɪktəbl /

•

UK / prɪˈdɪktəbl /

adjecitve
Capable of being guessed before it happens

refuse

US / rɪ'fju:z /

•

UK / ˈrefjus /

noun
Garbage, waste
verb
To not accept, allow, or give something

ukraine

US / ju:'kreɪn /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪn /

other
A republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian st

catch

US / kætʃ /

•

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

noun
Amount of something that has been caught
Trick or something trying to deceive
verb
To stop something flying and hold it
To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
To get sick or get a disease from someone else
To find someone to do something, a task
To get stuck on or in something
To be trapped so you can’t escape
To be able to understand what someone is saying

disrupt

US / dɪsˈrʌpt /

•

UK / dɪsˈrʌpt /

verb
To cause a disturbance in an activity in progress

political

US / pəˈlɪtɪkl /

•

UK / pəˈlɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Being active or interested in government matters
Diplomatic
Of the system of elections and government
Concerning government or public affairs
Involved in getting of power/influence in a group

nothing

US / 'nʌθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈnʌθɪŋ /

noun
Item of little or no value, importance, interest
Number or value of zero
pronoun
Not anything, not a single thing

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

skirt

US / skɜ:t /

•

UK / skɜ:rt /

noun
To go around the edge of an area
Loose piece of women's clothing for the lower body

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

tooth

US / tu:θ /

•

UK / tuθ /

noun
A sharp points on the edge of a machine or tool
Hard white things in the mouth, used to bite

winter

US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

adjecitve
(Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
noun
Time or season of idleness or decay
Coldest season of the year
verb
To spend the cold months at a certain place

bomb

US / bɒm /

•

UK / bɑm /

noun
An explosive device
verb
To attack with explosives
To fail or be completely unsuccessful

delivery

US / dɪˈlɪvəri /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvəri, -ˈlɪvri /

noun
Way someone acts when speaking publicly
Act of taking something to a person or place

fight

US / faɪt /

•

UK / faɪt /

noun
An argument or quarrel
Act of trying to hurt someone by hitting them
A struggle to do a difficult task
verb
To argue or quarrel with someone about something
To try to hurt someone by hitting them
To struggle to do a difficult task

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

track

US / træk /

•

UK / træk /

noun
A circular course for running
Course or way someone takes, e.g. in education
Path in a field or a forest made by walkers
Often circular course laid out for car racing
One of multiple musical recordings on an album
Band surrounding the wheels of a tank
Metal lines that trains ride on
verb
To use marks to follow a wild animal
To move a certain way/follow a particular course
To record and examine the progress of something

twice

US / twaɪs /

•

UK / twaɪs /

adverb
Two times

datum

US / ˈdeɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

noun
Item of factual information

handful

US / 'hændfʊl /

•

UK / ˈhændˌfʊl /

noun
an amount of something that can be held in one hand; small quantity or amount of people or things
A thing requiring great effort to control, manage

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

mitigate

US / 'mɪtɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ˈmɪtˌɪɡet /

verb
To make less severe or serious

tech

US / tek /

•

UK / tɛk /

noun
Shortened form of 'technology' or 'technician'

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

bear

US / bɛː /

•

UK / bɛr /

noun
Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
Someone who expects stock market to fall
verb
To accept (responsibilities or duties)
To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
To keep moving left or right while going forward
To show (sign of something)
To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

desert

US / 'dezət /

•

UK / ˈdɛzət /

noun
Bare area of land, often with few plants and water
verb
To leave a place for ever; abandon
To leave when one is needed or expected to stay

economic

US / ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk /

•

UK / ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ˌikə- /

adjecitve
Concerning trade, industry, and money

guard

US / ɡɑ:d /

•

UK / ɡɑrd /

noun
Someone who watches a place or prevents escapes
verb
To keep watch over something to protect it

hand

US / hænd /

•

UK / hænd /

noun
Cards given to a player in a card game
Piece of a clock that points to the time
Someone who performs physical tasks or work
Body part at the end of a person's arm
Help for someone performing a particular action
Condition of having power or influence
Member of the crew of a ship
verb
To give something to someone personally

indicate

US / ˈɪndɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪndɪˌket /

verb
To show something; direct attention to; point out
To represent something using a symbol or sign

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

polish

US / 'pɒlɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈpɑlɪʃ /

noun
A cream used to make shoes etc. shiny
Quality or style showing great skill or refinement
A shine on a surface
other
To make something smooth and shiny by rubbing it
verb
To make something smooth and shiny by rubbing it
To improve by practicing or working on it

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

senior

US / 'si:nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsinjɚ /

adjecitve
Being older than another person
Concerning the needs or activities of older people
(Student) in the final year of school
noun
Person who has usually reached a specific old age
Person who is older than someone else
Person with higher status or authority than
Student who is in the final year of school

stall

US / stɔ:l /

•

UK / stɔl /

noun
Walled area in a barn where a farm animal is kept
A table where things are sold at a market or fair
Small private area in a room for a toilet/shower
State in which an engine or machine stops working
verb
To put animals inside the room where they are kept
To stop suddenly because of a problem or issue
To try to slow down or cause a delay

superiority

US / su:ˌpɪəriˈɒrəti /

•

UK / suːˌpɪriˈɔːrəti /

noun
Quality of being more effective, skillful etc.
Belief that you are better than others; pride

blogger

US / 'blɒɡə(r) /

•

UK / 'blɒɡə(r) /

noun
Person who keeps and updates a blog

collective

US / kəˈlektɪv /

•

UK / kəˈlɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Formed by working together as a group
noun
Business owned or controlled by its workers

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

defeat

US / dɪ'fi:t /

•

UK / dɪˈfit /

noun
When you lose a fight, game or competition
verb
To beat an enemy, team, disease

estimate

US / 'estɪmət /

•

UK / ˈɛstəˌmet /

noun
Guess or calculation of cost, size or value
verb
To guess or calculate the cost, size or value of

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

almost

US / 'ɔ:lməʊst /

•

UK / ˈɔlˌmost, ɔlˈmost /

adverb
Only a little less than, nearly, not quite

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

cover

US / 'kʌvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌvɚ /

noun
A different version of another song
Bed sheets; blankets
(Police or military) protection from attack
Amount of money to be paid in an insurance claim
Thing you put over something to close or hide it
Front and back part of a book or magazine
Shelter built to protect from the natural elements
verb
To record a different version of another song
To include as part of its area
To put something over something to hide it
To discuss a subject in a talk or meeting
To form a layer over something so it is hidden
To have sufficient funds to pay for something
To include something within an agreed limit
To report news on TV, radio or in a newspaper
(Police or military) to protect from attack
To travel a certain distance in a given time
To wrap something with something, such as a cloth

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

steady

US / 'stedɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɛdi /

adjecitve
Happening or developing at a regular rate
Continuing without stopping or changing over time
Firmly fixed or supported; not likely to fall over
noun
Your boyfriend or girlfriend
verb
To make constant, unchanging or staying the same
To hold something/someone so they stop moving

western

US / ˈwestən /

•

UK / ˈwestərn /

adjecitve
Movies often about cowboys in the American West
Coming from, found in, or facing towards the west

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

air

US / eə(r) /

•

UK / er /

noun
Mixture of gases around the earth that we breathe
A person's manner intended to impress others
verb
To expose to the outside, to dry or freshen
To broadcast a TV or radio show
To open a subject to discussion and debate

collectively

US / kə'lektɪvlɪ /

•

UK / kəˈlɛktɪvlɪ /

adverb
By working together as a group

break

US / breɪk /

•

UK / brek /

noun
Time you stop an activity before continuing
End of a relationship
An escape from a place such as a jail
(Lucky) advantage or benefit from something
Find a solution or answer to a problem or crime
Change in the weather
verb
To create a new record e.g. running the 100m dash
To form a crack in something
To burst or become damaged
To end a relationship
To escape from a place such as a jail
To train a wild animal e.g. a horse
To separate into pieces by force, or by dropping
To act against a law, rule, or promise
To become known suddenly, as in the news
To not do what you promised e.g. not keep promises
To solve a crime, or answer a problem
To stop functioning properly
To suddenly start, open or commence
To change in pitch suddenly, as in a voice
To fall on the shore, as in waves
To begin or change suddenly; the dawn or weather
To defeat by causing the person to lose their will

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

equip

US / ɪ'kwɪp /

•

UK / ɪˈkwɪp /

verb
To provide with necessary materials or skills

tired

US / ˈtaɪəd /

•

UK / ˈtaɪərd /

adjecitve
Without energy so you want to rest or fall asleep
verb
To lose, cause to lose energy so you want to rest

standoff

US / 'stændɔ:f /

•

UK / ˈstændˌɔf, -ˌɑf /

noun
a situation in which no agreement can be reached

stark

US / stɑ:k /

•

UK / stɑ:rk /

adjecitve
Very clear and often unpleasant

unlikely

US / ʌnˈlaɪkli /

•

UK / ʌnˈlaɪkli /

adjecitve
Not seeming suitable for a particular purpose
adverb
Not likely to happen; not likely to be the truth

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

drip

US / drɪp /

•

UK / drɪp /

verb
(Of liquid) to fall in drops
noun
Tiny amount of liquid that falls from something
Sound made by drops of liquid falling

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

repeat

US / rɪˈpi:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpit /

noun
Action that is done again
Musical passage that is to be played again
Radio or television program that was shown before
verb
To do something over again
To say something you have learned and memorized
To relate something you have been told by another
To say something again

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

tank

US / tæŋk /

•

UK / tæŋk /

noun
Container for holding liquid or gas
Military vehicle that can go over rough areas
verb
To fail completely or badly
To deliberately lose a game or contest

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

willing

US / 'wɪlɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈwɪlɪŋ /

adjecitve
Act of making a choice
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

suffer

US / 'sʌfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌfɚ /

verb
To experience pain, illness, or injury

active

US / ˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Moving around a lot or doing many things

choice

US / tʃɔɪs /

•

UK / tʃɔɪs /

adjecitve
Of good quality or taste; desirable
noun
Decision between two or more possibilities

inflict

US / ɪn'flɪkt /

•

UK / ɪnˈflɪkt /

verb
To make someone endure (something bad)

duty

US / 'dju:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈduti, ˈdju- /

noun
Work required by your job or position
A tax (on imported goods)

meat

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Flesh of a dead animal that you eat
Something that is important or significant

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

engineer

US / ˌendʒɪ'nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌɛndʒəˈnɪr /

noun
Someone whose job is designing machines, buildings
Someone whose job is to repair or maintain engines

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

gear

US / ɡɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɡɪr /

noun
A speed selector connected to an engine
Special clothes you use for a purpose
Toothed wheel shifting power from engine to wheels
verb
To aim at or prepare yourself for something

loss

US / lɒs /

•

UK / lɔ:s /

noun
Friend, family, or other loved person's death
Decrease or decline in quantity or amount
Experience or state of failing to have or keep
A situation when you lose a game
Process of failing to have or keep something
Difficulty or trouble caused by someone's leaving
Situation when more money is spent than is earned

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

border

US / 'bɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈbɔrdɚ /

noun
Outer part or edge of something
Line separating one country, state from another
verb
To be right next to another country or state
To form the edge of something
To form the edge of (road, etc.)

capable

US / 'keɪpəbl /

•

UK / ˈkepəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able to do something very well; proficient

constant

US / 'kɒnstənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnstənt /

adjecitve
Happening frequently or without pause
noun
Thing that happens always or at a regular rate

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

extremely

US / ɪkˈstri:mli /

•

UK / ɪk'strimlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is much more than usual or expected

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

infantry

US / 'ɪnfəntrɪ /

•

UK / ˈɪnfəntri /

noun
Group of soldiers who fight on foot

envy

US / ˈenvi /

•

UK / ˈɛnvi /

noun
Feeling of wanting something that someone else has
verb
To feel that you want something someone else has

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

positive

US / ˈpɒzətɪv /

•

UK / ˈpɑzɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Showing agreement or support for something
Being sure about something; knowing the truth
Having the charge produced by electrons
Being good or useful
Showing that a chemical is present in a test

vehicle

US / ˈvi:əkl /

•

UK / ˈvi:hɪkl /

noun
Machine (such as a car) used to carry things
Means of expressing, showing, or achieving

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

unprepared

US / ˌʌnprɪˈpeəd /

•

UK / ˌʌnprɪˈpɛrd /

adjecitve
Without preparation; not prepared for

bottleneck

US / ˈbɒtlnek /

•

UK / ˈbɑ:tlnek /

noun
Become narrow, like a bottleneck

decimate

US / 'desɪmeɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛsəˌmet /

verb
to kill a large number of something, or to reduce something severely

door

US / dɔ:(r) /

•

UK / dɔr,dor /

noun
You walk through this when you go in a room

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

hurdle

US / 'hɜ:dl /

•

UK / ˈhɚdl /

noun
Small fence a person or horse jumps over in a race
Problem that makes it hard to achieve something
verb
To run and jump over something
To overcome a problem to achieve something

representative

US / ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪv /

adjecitve
Acting or speaking for other people
Typical of a particular group or thing
noun
Typical example of a particular category
Politician who acts on behalf of the people
A person who acts as an agent or sales person

spend

US / spend /

•

UK / spɛnd /

verb
To use money to pay for something
To use time in order to do something
To use up something completely

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

aid

US / eɪd /

•

UK / ed /

noun
Action of giving help to others
Money or help given to those who need it
verb
To help others and provide things

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

crisis

US / 'kraɪsɪs /

•

UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /

noun
Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

disturbingly

US / dɪ'stɜ:bɪŋlɪ /

•

UK / dɪ'stɜ:bɪŋlɪ /

adverb
In a worrying way

expansionism

US / ɪkˈspænʃənɪzəm /

•

UK / ɪkˈspænʃənɪzəm /

noun
Doctrine to increase the territory of a country

entirety

US / ɪnˈtaɪərəti /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪrɪti, -ˈtaɪrti /

noun
State of being complete

joke

US / dʒəʊk /

•

UK / dʒoʊk /

noun
A funny or amusing statement
Something or someone not taken seriously
verb
To say or do things that are meant to be funny

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

replace

US / rɪ'pleɪs /

•

UK / rɪˈples /

verb
To use instead of something else
To return an item to its original location

quality

US / 'kwɒlətɪ /

•

UK / ˈkwɑlɪti /

noun
Feature associated with someone or something
High level of worth or excellence

leverage

US / 'li:vərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlɛvərɪdʒ, ˈlivə- /

noun
An advantage which gives you influence or power
verb
To use an advantage which gives you influence

send

US / send /

•

UK / sɛnd /

verb
To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
To cause mail or packages to go to another place
To move something quickly in a particular way
To give information or greetings to someone

score

US / skɔ:(r) /

•

UK / skɔr, skor /

noun
A sharp mark or cut in the surface of something
Current number of points given in a game, contest
The written notes and parts of a piece of music
An achievement of success
Number of points on a test
verb
To mark or cut something with a sharp object
To get or give points in a game, contest, or test
To achieve success with something
To get points in a test

spirit

US / 'spɪrɪt /

•

UK / ˈspɪrɪt /

noun
Person's strong determination or attitude
Unique qualities of person, place, or time
Part of a person thought to be moved by religion
Appearance or sense of a dead person
verb
To take someone away as if by magic

traditional

US / trəˈdɪʃənl /

•

UK / trəˈdɪʃənəl /

adjecitve
Involved in a custom or event common to a people

success

US / sək'ses /

•

UK / səkˈsɛs /

noun
Achievement of a desired purpose or goal
A successful person; one who achieved their aims

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

exact

US / ɪɡ'zækt /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzækt /

adjecitve
Completely correct; accurate; specific
verb
To get something, sometimes using force

fraction

US / ˈfrækʃn /

•

UK / ˈfrækʃən /

noun
Small part of something

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

patrol

US / pə'trəʊl /

•

UK / pəˈtrol /

noun
Person or group who checks an area is safe
verb
To survey an area to maintain safety and order

source

US / sɔ:s /

•

UK / sɔrs, sors /

adjecitve
Produces or provides what is wanted or needed
noun
Piece of information; a person giving information
Place from which something necessary comes
verb
To get, e.g. a raw material, from somewhere

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

set

US / set /

•

UK / sɛt /

adjecitve
Prepared for something; ready
noun
Complete group of something
Place where a television show or movie is filmed
Group of games in a tennis match
Device that receives radio or television signals
verb
To make a clock state or ring at a particular time
To decide upon or choose something
To make something ready for use (e.g. table)
To decide on a price for something
To become hard (of glue, concrete etc.)
To be located in a specific place or time
To put (e.g. a vase) down carefully in a place
To put someone in a certain condition or state
(Of the sun) to go lower than the horizon

ration

US / ˈræʃn /

•

UK / ˈræʃən, ˈreʃən /

noun
Restriction of the amount someone can eat, use etc.
An allocation of e.g. food (when it is scarce)

package

US / ˈpækɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈpækɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Presented as one item but includes several
noun
Box or container items are placed in for mailing
A container for items for sale, e.g. food
Group of several items or services offered as one
verb
To present or sell a group of things as one item
To put something into a container to store it

redirect

US / ˌri:dəˈrekt /

•

UK / ˌridɪˈrɛkt,-daɪ- /

verb
To change the direction of something to a new way

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

limit

US / 'lɪmɪt /

•

UK / ˈlɪmɪt /

noun
Point beyond which it is not possible to go
verb
To stop or prevent an increase past a point

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

within

US / wɪˈðɪn /

•

UK / wɪðˈɪn, wɪθ- /

adverb
Inside the limits of an area, time or range
preposition
From the inside of something

boon

US / bu:n /

•

UK / bun /

noun
Something very helpful which makes life easier

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

defend

US / dɪ'fend /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛnd /

verb
To protect and explain your position in court
To protect against an attack
To try to prevent another team from scoring

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

mass

US / mæs /

•

UK / mæs /

noun
Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
Large amount or number of something
Main or largest part of something
Large number of people considered as a whole
Amount of matter that an object has
verb
To gather people or things into a large group

prompt

US / prɒmpt /

•

UK / prɑmpt /

adjecitve
Fast; in a quick manner; without delay
noun
Message on a computer requiring attention
Encouragement to ask someone else to talk
verb
To display a message to requires a user to act
To say something to encourage someone else to talk
To remind an actor of his or her lines (words)
To cause something to occur; be the cause of

soon

US / su:n /

•

UK / sun /

adverb
At a time not long from now

smart

US / smɑ:t /

•

UK / smɑ:rt /

adjecitve
Fashionable; well-dressed; well-groomed
Looking clean, neat and stylish
(Of phones, weapons) with clever features
Associated with rich, popular and stylish people
Clever; with intelligence
adverb
Energetic or quick in motion or movement
In a clever way; with intelligence
noun
Feeling of being hurt and upset
Sharp, burning pain
verb
To feel hurt or upset
To hurt with an unexpected sharp or burning pain

warm

US / wɔ:m /

•

UK / wɔrm /

adjecitve
Friendly, sincere and kind to others
Being friendly or sincere
Slightly hot; not very hot
verb
To become more friendly or to like something
To make something hotter

fully

US / 'fʊlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfʊli /

adverb
Completely or entirely

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

nation

US / 'neɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈneʃən /

noun
Area or region controlled by a government and army

report

US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

noun
Account of the necessary facts and information
The telling of news in the media
Official statement about something
verb
To submit a report or bill to the government
To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
To state something officially
To officially present yourself to an authority
To describe something by telling it to others

request

US / rɪ'kwest /

•

UK / rɪˈkwɛst /

noun
Thing that has been asked for
verb
To ask for, usually politely and formally

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

line

US / laɪn /

•

UK / laɪn /

noun
Border that divides two places or regions
Long crease in the skin, often from age
Mark that is long, straight and very thin
Row of words, letters or numbers that are written
Telephone connection
People waiting one behind the other; queue
Long thin wire, e.g. for electrical signal
verb
To put material along the inside of something

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

capability

US / ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti /

•

UK / ˌkeɪpə'bɪləti /

noun
Means, ability, or potential to do something

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

flight

US / flaɪt /

•

UK / flaɪt /

noun
Act of leaving a place, usually to escape danger
Trip by plane, helicopter etc.

fortification

US / ˌfɔ:tɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌfɔ:rtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn /

noun
Defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds

news

US / nju:z /

•

UK / nu:z /

noun
Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
Information about recent events

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

responsible

US / rɪ'spɒnsəbl /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being the cause of something that has occurred
Having the duty of dealing with something
Able to be trusted to do what needs to be done

situation

US / ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsɪtʃuˈeʃən /

noun
Place, position or area that something is in
Circumstance or condition surrounding an event
An unexpected problem or difficulty

shoot

US / ʃu:t /

•

UK / ʃut /

noun
Emerging new part of a plant
verb
To kick or throw a ball at a goal
To fire a gun; injure or kill someone with a gun
To (cause to) fly away forcefully
To use a camera to record a film/take a photograph

rebuild

US / ˌri:'bɪld /

•

UK / riˈbɪld /

verb
To get back something that was lost, e.g. trust
To repair something that was damaged or destroyed

vast

US / vɑ:st /

•

UK / væst /

adjecitve
Being very large in size or amount

casualty

US / ˈkæʒuəlti /

•

UK / ˈkæʒuəlti /

noun
Emergency area in a hospital for treating injuries
Someone injured or dead as a result of an accident

counter

US / 'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A point in a discussion that puts an opposite view
A narrow table top for serving/preparing food
Person or device that adds the number of things
A token or flat piece used in games
prefix
Being opposite or against something
verb
To say or do something in opposition or resistance
To try to prevent, as by making a different point

destroy

US / dɪ'strɔɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈstrɔɪ /

verb
To damage so badly that something no longer exists
To defeat someone or something easily
To kill a sick or unwanted animal

face

US / feɪs /

•

UK / fes /

noun
Side or outer surface of something
An expression using mouth, nose, eyes etc.
Front part of the head where eyes, mouth etc. are
Characteristics you show in public
verb
To cover a surface with something like paint
To deal with a problem or responsibilities
To look toward; point in a certain direction

hour

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

noun
60 minutes
Particular time of the day
Fixed, regularly occurring time

mount

US / maʊnt /

•

UK / maʊnt /

noun
An attachment used to keep something in place
Title of a specific mountain
Horse that someone is riding
verb
To attach something to something else
To set a picture, jewel etc. in
To sit on a horse or bike in order to ride it
To climb a mountain
To organize an exhibition, race etc.
To start (an attack) against an enemy

mouse

US / maʊs /

•

UK / maʊs /

noun
Small animal that has fur and a long tail
Computer device to control movement on a screen
Quiet, shy person

occur

US / əˈkɜ:(r) /

•

UK / əˈkɚ /

verb
To come to pass or to happen

promise

US / 'prɒmɪs /

•

UK / ˈprɑmɪs /

verb
To say you will certainly do something

possibly

US / ˈpɒsəbli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:səbli /

adverb
May be true or likely, but is uncertain

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

commitment

US / kə'mɪtmənt /

•

UK / kəˈmɪtmənt /

noun
Permanent love or concern for person, thing
Promise or decision to do something for a purpose

defender

US / dɪˈfendə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛndɚ /

noun
Fighter who fights against attack

counterpart

US / ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntərpɑ:rt /

noun
Person/thing having same function/characteristics

invasion

US / ɪnˈveɪʒn /

•

UK / ɪnˈveʒən /

noun
Entry into a place to cause harm

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

hostage

US / 'hɒstɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈhɑstɪdʒ /

noun
Person held prisoner to get a demand satisfied

major

US / 'meɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmedʒɚ /

adjecitve
Main league; esp. referring to American baseball
Important, serious, or large in scope, size
noun
High-ranking officer in the army
Main subject you study at university
verb
To study a particular subject at university

significantly

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfəkəntlɪ /

adverb
In a way that is important or noticeable
In a way that is meaningful

relief

US / rɪˈli:f /

•

UK / rɪˈlif /

noun
Aid given to people in need as after war/disaster
Artwork, e.g. part of wall, that partly sticks out
People who replace other workers and their duties
Release from worry, stress or tension

europe

US / ˈjʊərəp /

•

UK / ˈjʊrəp /

noun
A continent including Germany, France and Spain
other
The second smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use 'Europe' to re

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

resource

US / riˈsɔ:s /

•

UK / ˈriˌsɔrs, -ˌsors, -ˌzɔrs, -ˌzors, rɪˈsɔrs, -ˈsors, /

noun
Something that can be used profitably; asset
An essential supply of something
Resourcefulness; ability to deal with problems
verb
To obtain (e.g. oil, gas) from its source

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

US / ʃeə(r) /

•

UK / ʃɛr /

noun
Part-ownership in a property, business or company
Part of a company you own, shown by a certificate
verb
To divide something between two or more people
To allow others to use your things equally
To give information, etc. to someone

blast

US / blɑ:st /

•

UK / blæst /

noun
Destructive wave of air from an explosion
Strong current of wind
verb
To attack someone with words
To destroy something with explosives
To make a loud noise on or with something

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

firepower

US / ˈfaɪəpaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfaɪərpaʊə(r) /

noun
Relative capacity for shooting, bombing a target

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

east

US / i:st /

•

UK / i:st /

noun
Direction where the sun rises
Geographic area including India, China, Japan etc.

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

soldier

US / 'səʊldʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsoldʒɚ /

noun
Person working in an army to fight

superior

US / su:'pɪərɪə(r) /

•

UK / sʊˈpɪriɚ /

adjecitve
Better; higher quality
noun
The senior person in a monastic community
Person of higher rank than you

battle

US / 'bætl /

•

UK / ˈbætl /

noun
Military fight between armies
Working hard to stop something; struggle
verb
To fight or struggle against someone or something
To work hard to stop something; struggle

callous

US / 'kæləs /

•

UK / ˈkæləs /

adjecitve
Hardhearted; uncaring

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

inevitably

US / ɪnˈevɪtəbli /

•

UK / ɪnˈevɪtəbli /

adverb
(Happening) with complete certainty

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

failure

US / ˈfeɪljə(r) /

•

UK / 'feɪljər /

noun
When things go wrong; lack of function
Act or result of not achieving your goals

german

US / ˈdʒɜːmən /

•

UK / ˈdʒɜːrmən /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Germany
noun
Person from Germany

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

offensive

US / əˈfensɪv /

•

UK / əˈfɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Causing displeasure or anger
Being physically unpleasant
Attacking or intended to attack
noun
A military attack

precision

US / prɪˈsɪʒn /

•

UK / prɪˈsɪʒən /

adjecitve
Performed in a very careful, detailed manner
noun
Quality of being very accurate and exact

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

wave

US / weɪv /

•

UK / wev /

noun
Movement of sound, air or energy
Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
Slightly curved shape in hair
Frequency of movement of objects together
Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
verb
To cause to move side to side or back and forth
To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

revolutionary

US / ˌrevə'lu:ʃənərɪ /

•

UK / ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri /

adjecitve
Marking a significant change in something
Relating to a violent replacement of a government
noun
Person fighting to replace a government

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

defensive

US / dɪˈfensɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛnsɪv /

adjecitve
Protecting something, yourself from attack

cross

US / krɒs /

•

UK / krɔs, krɑs /

adjecitve
Angry and upset
From one side of something to the other
noun
(Of animals) mixture of breeds in one animal
Person's name
verb
To put one thing over another e.g. arms
To breed one type of animal or plant with another
To not to agree with someone; oppose
To go from one side of something to the other
To meet at one point

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

hide

US / haɪd /

•

UK / haɪd /

noun
The skin of an animal used for making leather
verb
To go to, or put a thing where it can't be found

knock

US / nɒk /

•

UK / nɑk /

noun
Bad experience that reduces a person's confidence
Action of something solid hitting something hard
verb
To criticize someone in an unreasonable way
To hit something to get people's attention
To strike something hard, causing damage

pilot

US / 'paɪlət /

•

UK / ˈpaɪlət /

noun
Person flying a plane; expert guide for a ship
verb
To conduct a small practice experiment
To fly a plane; to direct a ship
To try TV program out to see if it would succeed

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

affect

US / ə'fekt /

•

UK / əˈfɛkt /

verb
To cause a change in something else

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

friendly

US / ˈfrendli /

•

UK / ˈfrɛndli /

adjecitve
Acting like a friend; kind and helpful
noun
Game played not in a competition

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

retaliation

US / rɪˌtælɪˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˌtælɪˈeʃən /

noun
Revenge for something harmful or wrong

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

battlefield

US / ˈbætlfi:ld /

•

UK / ˈbætlˌfild /

noun
Region where a battle was, or is being fought

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

frustration

US / frʌ'streɪʃn /

•

UK / frʌˈstreʃən /

noun
Annoyance because things don't go the way you want

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

operate

US / ˈɒpəreɪt /

•

UK / ˈɑ:pəreɪt /

verb
To control or handle something, such as a machine
To control or manage something such as a business
To be working or being used
To perform surgery on someone

september

US / sepˈtembə(r) /

•

UK / sɛpˈtɛmbɚ /

noun
9th month of the year

ally

US / 'ælaɪ /

•

UK / 'ælaɪ /

noun
Someone who supports, helps, or defends you
verb
To join a group to offer or receive support

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

fighter

US / ˈfaɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfaɪtɚ /

noun
Something or someone that fights

helpful

US / ˈhelpfl /

•

UK / ˈhɛlpfəl /

adjecitve
Doing things that help someone

dream

US / dri:m /

•

UK / drim /

noun
A wish or hope for something to happen
Imagination or image of something you want
Images, thoughts, feelings experienced when asleep
verb
To wish for something to happen
To experience thoughts, images while asleep

iraq

US / ɪ'rɑ:k /

•

UK / ɪ'ræk /

noun
A republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the ar

historically

US / hɪ'stɒrɪklɪ /

•

UK / hɪsˈtɔrɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
In history; in the past

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

sixteen

US / ˌsɪksˈti:n /

•

UK / sɪkˈstin /

number
16

toy

US / tɔɪ /

•

UK / tɔɪ /

adjecitve
Something small in size compared to an original
noun
Things children play with, as dolls or small cars
verb
To play with (your food, someone's feelings)

exhaust

US / ɪɡ'zɔ:st /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɔst /

noun
System of pipes through which gases escape
Waste gas from an engine, e.g. from a car
verb
To emit gas from the back of a car
To make a person feel very tired or without energy
To entirely use up a resource, possibilities etc.

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

jet

US / dʒet /

•

UK / dʒɛt /

noun
Stream of liquid/gas shooting out of small opening
(Of liquid, gas) to shoot out of a small opening
A pipe that water or gas goes through
Hard, black, usually shiny stone
verb
(Of liquid, gas) to shoot out of a small opening
To travel on a jet plane

poland

US / 'pəʊlənd /

•

UK / 'poʊlənd /

other
A republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in started World War II

retake

US / 'ri:teɪk /

•

UK / riˈtek /

verb
To photograph or film something again
To re-do something for a second or third time
To study a subject in school
To take an exam a second time

stock

US / stɒk /

•

UK / stɑk /

adjecitve
(E.g. of a response) standard; usual; not original
noun
Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
Tasty liquid added to stews, soups etc.
Merchandise; goods kept by a business for sale
Piece of a business, bought in the form of shares
verb
To keep some of, as items for sale

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

availability

US / əˌveɪlə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˌveləˈbɪlətɪ /

noun
Being present and able to be used

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

instructor

US / ɪnˈstrʌktə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈstrʌktɚ /

noun
Person who teaches or explains usually as a job

logistic

US / lə'dʒɪstɪkl /

•

UK / loˈdʒɪstɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning planning and organizing a large project

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

whole

US / həul /

•

UK / hol /

adjecitve
Complete or full; all of
Being in a good condition
noun
Complete amount or sum; total

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

advantage

US / əd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ /

•

UK / ædˈvæntɪdʒ /

noun
Thing making the chance of success higher
A positive point about something

blunt

US / blʌnt /

•

UK / blʌnt /

adjecitve
Without a sharp edge or point
verb
To make dull or lessen the sharpness of something

comparison

US / kəmˈpærɪsn /

•

UK / kəmˈpærɪsən /

noun
Act of comparing things

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

deadlock

US / ˈdedlɒk /

•

UK / ˈdedlɑ:k /

noun
When a situation/argument cannot progress

establish

US / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

•

UK / ɪˈstæblɪʃ /

verb
To set or create something to last for a long time
To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity

replenish

US / rɪ'plenɪʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈplɛnɪʃ /

verb
To fill up again

scale

US / skeɪl /

•

UK / skel /

noun
Size, level, or amount when compared
Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
Device that is used to weigh a person or thing
Range of numbers from the lowest to the highest
Dimensions or size of something
verb
To change the size of but keep the proportions
To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
To remove the scales of a fish

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

achieve

US / ə'tʃi:v /

•

UK / əˈtʃiv /

verb
To succeed in doing good, usually by working hard

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

anticipation

US / ænˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn /

•

UK / ænˌtɪsəˈpeʃən /

noun
Pleasurable feeling about a future event

deliver

US / dɪ'lɪvə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈlɪvɚ /

verb
To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
To save someone from a problem or crisis
To keep a promise; do what you say you would
To present something to a group, as a speech
To take something to a person or place

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

planner

US / ˈplænə(r) /

•

UK / 'plænər /

noun
Notebook for recording appointments/things to do
Person involved in planning something, e.g. a city

seriously

US / ˈsɪəriəsli /

•

UK / ˈsɪriəsli /

adverb
Involving or requiring great thought or study

ship

US / ʃɪp /

•

UK / ʃɪp /

noun
Large boat
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

reconstitution

US / ˌri:ˌkɒnstɪ'tju:ʃn /

•

UK / ˌri:ˌkɒnstɪ'tju:ʃn /

noun
Reconstruct

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

brutal

US / 'bru:tl /

•

UK / ˈbrutl /

adjecitve
Extremely violent or mean

catastrophic

US / ˌkætə'strɒfɪk /

•

UK / ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk /

adjecitve
Causing a lot of damage or suffering

currently

US / ˈkʌrəntli /

•

UK / ˈkʌrənt(ə)li /

adverb
Happening or being in the present time

putin

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
An act or the right of putting the ball into a scrum.

significant

US / sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt /

•

UK / sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt /

adjecitve
Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
Having meaning; important; noticeable
(Statistics) being clearly different

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

cut

US / kʌt /

•

UK / kʌt /

noun
Act/instance of reducing the size or amount of
Small opening made using a sharp object, knife
A wound on someone's skin caused by a sharp object
verb
To reduce the size or amount of something
To use knife or scissors to divide, open surfaces

desire

US / dɪ'zaɪə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪr /

noun
Thing that is wished for or wanted
verb
To wish for, hope or want something

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

nobody

US / ˈnəʊbədi /

•

UK / ˈnoʊbədi /

pronoun
No person; no one; not any person

rightly

US / ˈraɪtli /

•

UK / ˈraɪtli /

adverb
In accordance with what is right

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

security

US / sɪ'kjʊərətɪ /

•

UK / sɪˈkjʊrɪtisə'kjurətɪ /

noun
Department in a company in charge of protection
Financial document, like stocks, bonds and notes
Person paid to protect property and people
Things done to protect people, buildings etc.
Condition of being safe from danger or harm

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

wound

US / waʊnd /

•

UK / waʊnd /

noun
Sadness or displeasure caused by a bad memory
Physical injury, especially that suffered in war
verb
To rotate a part of say a watch to make it work
To hurt someone emotionally
To injure someone in a fight with a knife gun etc.

airborne

US / ˈeəbɔ:n /

•

UK / ˈerbɔ:rn /

adjecitve
Being in the air

bet

US / bet /

•

UK / bet /

noun
Act of gambling money on the result of a race etc.
verb
To gamble money to win more money, e.g. on horses

guarantee

US / ˌɡærən'ti: /

•

UK / ˌɡærənˈti /

noun
A promise to repair a broken product
Promise that something will be done as expected
verb
To promise to repair a broken product
To promise that something will happen or be done
To promise to pay if another person fails to do so

handgun

US / ˈhændgʌn /

•

UK / ˈhændˌɡʌn /

noun
Firearm that is held and fired with one hand

due

US / dju: /

•

UK / du, dju /

adjecitve
When something is required or expected
Owed to a person as a right
noun
Something you deserve; something you can expect

lour

US / ˈlaʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlaʊər /

verb
To set lower

northeast

US / 'nɔ:θ'i:st /

•

UK / nɔrθˈist, nɔrˈist /

noun
Location in the northeastern part of an area

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

troop

US / tru:p /

•

UK / trup /

noun
Group of people
Group of mammals or birds
A group of soldiers
verb
To walk past in a group or large number
To move or gather in a crowd

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

contribution

US / ˌkɒntrɪˈbju:ʃn /

•

UK / ˌkɑ:ntrɪˈbju:ʃn /

noun
Helping a cause by giving money, things, services
Article published in magazine or newspaper
Regular payments to the government for a pension

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

endemic

US / enˈdemɪk /

•

UK / ɛnˈdɛmɪk /

adjecitve
Natural to or typical of a specific place/people

replacement

US / rɪˈpleɪsmənt /

•

UK / rɪˈplesmənt /

noun
Getting a new object to use instead of an old one

risk

US / rɪsk /

•

UK / rɪsk /

noun
Actions that cause potential problems
verb
To do something potentially dangerous or foolish

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

consistently

US / kən'sɪstəntlɪ /

•

UK / kənˈsɪstəntlɪ /

adverb
In a manner that is the same almost every time

country

US / ˈkʌntri /

•

UK / ˈkʌntri /

noun
An area of land that is controlled by a government
Open land that is away from towns and cities

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

pay

US / peɪ /

•

UK / pe /

noun
Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
verb
To give money for goods or work done
To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
To be punished or suffer for something you did
To make (a visit) to a person or place

prospect

US / 'prɒspekt /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌpɛkt /

noun
Opportunity or chance for success
Person who is considered for a particular position
verb
To search for minerals such as gold or diamonds

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

combat

US / 'kɒmbæt /

•

UK / kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑmˌbæt /

verb
To fight someone or something physically

defense

US / dɪ'fens /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

noun
Argument in support of something
The process of protecting something from attack
Part of a team that prevents others from scoring

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

influx

US / ˈɪnflʌks /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌflʌks /

noun
Sudden arrival of many people or things

nato

US / ˈneɪtəʊ /

•

UK / ˈneɪtoʊ /

abbreviation
NATO is an acronym

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

prove

US / pru:v /

•

UK / pruv /

verb
To demonstrate truth by providing evidence

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

throw

US / θrəʊ /

•

UK / θroʊ /

noun
Arm movement to make a thing fly through the air
Loose cloth or blanket (usually over a chair)
Forcibly putting someone on the ground
verb
To use your arm to make something fly in the air
To move part of your body suddenly and forcefully
To confuse or upset someone
(E.g. judo) to forcibly put someone on the ground
To put something somewhere suddenly and roughly

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

america

US / ə'merɪkə /

•

UK / əˈmɛrɪkə /

noun
The United States of America; North America and/or South America

abrams

US / ə'bʌvˌgraʊnd /

•

UK / ə'bʌvˌgraʊnd /

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

election

US / ɪ'lekʃn /

•

UK / ɪˈlɛkʃən /

noun
Process of choosing someone by voting

glide

US / ɡlaɪd /

•

UK / ɡlaɪd /

verb
To move smoothly and quietly as if without effort
(Plane) to fly without using the engines

iraqi

US / iˈrɑ:ki /

•

UK / ɪˈræki, ɪˈrɑki /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Iraq
noun
Person from Iraq

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

reshape

US / ˌri:'ʃeɪp /

•

UK / riˈʃep /

verb
To form something into a new shape

russia

US / 'rʌʃə /

•

UK / 'rʌʃə /

proper noun
A country in northern Asia and eastern Europe; population 143,500,000 (estimated 2015); capital, Mos

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

ufo

US / ˌju:ef'əʊ /

•

UK / ˌju:ef'oʊ /

abbreviation
Unidentified Flying Object

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

brave

US / breɪv /

•

UK / brev /

adjecitve
Not letting fear or danger stop you acting
noun
(Old-fashioned) A native American warrior
verb
To not be afraid of doing something dangerous

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

hold

US / həʊld /

•

UK / hold /

noun
Section of a ship or plane used for storing things
Influence or power held over someone
Place of support for hands or feet when climbing
verb
To agree to keep something for someone
To have the capacity to support/contain something
To control an area and protect it from attack
To not allow someone to leave a place
To cause an event to happen at a place or time
To use hands or arms to carry or keep something
To have a specific quality or property
To keep an image, belief or feeling in your mind
To have or own something
To wait before being able to talk on the phone
To limit the movement of someone in a sport

military

US / 'mɪlətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the army or navy
noun
Army or armed forces

ongoing

US / ˈɒngəʊɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɑ:ngoʊɪŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing to exist or be in progress

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

territory

US / 'terətrɪ /

•

UK / ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri, -ˌtori /

noun
Area of land defended by an animal
Area of particular knowledge or experience
Area owned or controlled by a government, person
Area of land with a specific defining feature

account

US / ə'kaʊnt /

•

UK / əˈkaʊnt /

noun
An advantage
Arrangement with a bank to keep your money for you
An invoice for things bought
Arrangement whereby you can use online services
A description, often written, of events; report

communication

US / kəˌmju:nɪ'keɪʃn /

•

UK / kəˌmjunɪˈkeʃən /

noun
Talking to people; giving information to people

excuse

US / ɪk'skju:s /

•

UK / ɪkˈskjuz /

noun
Note explaining why someone cannot do or attend
Reason why you did or didn't do something
verb
To allow someone not to do (jury service, etc.)
To explain acting in a bad or impolite manner
To forgive someone for something bad or impolite

hinge

US / hɪndʒ /

•

UK / hɪndʒ /

noun
Metal piece that attaches a door/gate to the wall
verb
To be dependent on or caused by

drab

US / dræb /

•

UK / dræb /

adjecitve
Dull; without much color; plain

loom

US / lu:m /

•

UK / lum /

noun
Device with a frame used to make cloth from thread
verb
To appear in a large, unclear, or threatening form
(Of unpleasant thing) to be close to happening

leopard

US / 'lepəd /

•

UK / ˈlɛpəd /

noun
Large cat with short fur and black spots

outbreak

US / ˈaʊtbreɪk /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌbrek /

noun
Sudden occurrence of illness, discontent etc.

tactic

US / 'tæktɪk /

•

UK / ˈtæktɪk /

noun
One of the ways you attempt to achieve a strategy

distant

US / 'dɪstənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪstənt /

adjecitve
Unfriendly; cold
Existing or happening far away in place or time
(Of relationships) not being closely related

fleet

US / fli:t /

•

UK / flit /

noun
Group of ships under one commander

shadow

US / 'ʃædəʊ /

•

UK / ˈʃædo /

noun
Person who follows another person to observe them
Area of darkness that is caused by blocked light
verb
To cover something with shade
To secretly follow a person

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

carrier

US / ˈkæriə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkæriɚ /

noun
A company, e.g. mail, airline, that carries things
Someone with a disease who gives it to another
someone who does not suffer from a disease but has the infection or genetic fault that causes it and

combine

US / kəmˈbaɪn /

•

UK / kəmˈbaɪn /

verb
To mix several things together to form one thing

deny

US / dɪ'naɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈnaɪ /

verb
To refuse to allow or accept something

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

heavily

US / ˈhevɪli /

•

UK / hɛvəli /

adverb
In a slow, loud manner
A lot or to a great degree
With great effort or force

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

mission

US / 'mɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɪʃən /

noun
A task or role someone is given to do
Special assignment given to a person or group
Group tasked with a specific duty
A task given to someone to gain or achieve
Religious group wishing to convert others
Housing for a religious group working overseas
Religious or charitable task in a foreign country

strike

US / straɪk /

•

UK / straɪk /

noun
A punch or hit
Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
verb
To hit something
To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
To have an idea occur to you

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

continue

US / kən'tɪnju: /

•

UK / kənˈtɪnju /

verb
To do something without stopping, or after pausing
To start doing again after a break, pause, or stop

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

hostility

US / hɒˈstɪləti /

•

UK / hɑ:ˈstɪləti /

noun
Hostile action; an act of war

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

shift

US / ʃɪft /

•

UK / ʃɪft /

adjecitve
(Of work) starting at a certain time, as at night
noun
A change in a persons plans, opinions or beliefs
Period of work starting at a certain time
verb
To change in position or direction
To move something from one place to another

squadron

US / ˈskwɒdrən /

•

UK / ˈskwɑ:drən /

noun
Military unit, e.g. of planes or ships

utilize

US / ˈju:təlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈjutlˌaɪz /

verb
To use something for a particular purpose

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

attack

US / ə'tæk /

•

UK / əˈtæk /

noun
Act intended to hurt someone physically, mentally
verb
To try to destroy, beat, or injure

ensure

US / ɪn'ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈʃʊr /

verb
To make something sure, certain, or safe

politician

US / ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌpɑlɪˈtɪʃən /

noun
Someone whose job is in politics

route

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, raʊt /

noun
Way to get from one place to another place; path
Path or way that people often use
Method of achieving a certain result
verb
To send along a particular path or way

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

xvi

US / /

•

UK / /

cardinal number

unsupported

US / ˌʌnsəˈpɔ:tɪd /

•

UK / ˌʌnsəˈpɔ:rtɪd /

adjecitve
Without evidence it is true

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

munition

US / mju:'nɪʃn /

•

UK / mjuˈnɪʃən /

noun
Military weapons such as guns, bullets, and bombs

provoke

US / prəˈvəʊk /

•

UK / prəˈvoʊk /

verb
To deliberately annoy to make someone aggressive

small

US / smɔ:l /

•

UK / smɔl /

adjecitve
Little in size; not big
(Of letters) not written in capital letters
Being insignificant or minor
(Of a business) with few people or things; local
(Of voice) being soft and quiet
(Of a child) being young

strategy

US / 'strætədʒɪ /

•

UK / ˈstrætədʒi /

noun
Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
other
Branch of military dealing with command

toehold

US / ˈtəʊhəʊld /

•

UK / ˈtoʊhoʊld /

noun
Position that enables you to make future progress

tool

US / tu:l /

•

UK / tul /

noun
Device used to make things, e.g. a hammer
verb
To provide a workshop with the right equipment

supply

US / sə'plaɪ /

•

UK / səˈplaɪ /

noun
Availability of products and services for use
Specific things needed to perform a certain task
verb
To give or sell goods to others for their use

basic

US / 'beɪsɪk /

•

UK / ˈbesɪk /

adjecitve
At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

importantly

US / ɪmˈpɔːtntli /

•

UK / ɪmˈpɔːrtntli /

adverb
In an important way;

marine

US / mə'ri:n /

•

UK / məˈrin /

adjecitve
Of the ocean or ocean plants and animals
Concerning sailing or doing business by sea
noun
Soldier trained to serve on land and sea

roosevelt

US / ˈrəʊzəvɛlt /

•

UK / ˈroʊzəˌvɛlt /

outrage

US / 'aʊtreɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈaʊtˌredʒ /

noun
Very wrong or cruel act which causes great anger
verb
To cause anger to due to wrong or cruel acts

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

ukrainian

US / ju:'kreɪnɪən /

•

UK / ju:'kreɪnɪrn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Ukraine
noun
Person from Ukraine

flow

US / fləʊ /

•

UK / flo /

noun
Amount of something that moves through an area
verb
To move steadily and easily in a certain direction

straight

US / streɪt /

•

UK / stret /

adjecitve
Not having curves, bends, or angles
Not gay; heterosexual
honest and direct
adverb
in a line; immediately; honestly and directly

survival

US / səˈvaɪvl /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪvəl /

noun
Act of continuing to exist when facing difficulty

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

incoming

US / ˈɪnkʌmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌkʌmɪŋ /

adjecitve
Coming toward a place or position; arriving

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

fresh

US / freʃ /

•

UK / frɛʃ /

adjecitve
Clean; not used or dirty
Remaining clear, as in a person's memory
Newly made or gathered
(Water) not salty, usually from a lake or a river

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

overcome

US / ˌəʊvə'kʌm /

•

UK / ˌovɚˈkʌm /

verb
To succeed in a struggle against; defeat

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

trench

US / trentʃ /

•

UK / trɛntʃ /

noun
Long narrow hole dug in the ground
Long, narrow, and deep hole in the ocean floor
Ditch protected by earth used to shelter soldiers

weather

US / 'weðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɛðɚ /

noun
Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
verb
To successfully deal with a difficult situation
To erode or become damaged due to the environment

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

survivor

US / səˈvaɪvə(r) /

•

UK / sərˈvaɪvə(r) /

noun
Person, thing that continues to live or exist

contain

US / kənˈteɪn /

•

UK / kənˈten /

verb
To keep something from spreading
To hold something inside something else

breakthrough

US / 'breɪkθru: /

•

UK / ˈbrekˌθru /

noun
Important discovery in doing something difficult

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

heat

US / hi:t /

•

UK / hit /

noun
State of anger, excitement, or arguing
Particular temperature at which to cook something
High temperature
One of series of races to find the finalists
Hot temperature, conditions, or weather
verb
To make hot or hotter

matter

US / 'mætə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmætɚ /

noun
Material all things are made of that fills space
Problem or reason for concern
verb
To be of great importance; to count

obviously

US / ˈɒbviəsli /

•

UK / ˈɑːbviəsli /

adverb
In a way that is obvious/easy to see or understand

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

quantity

US / ˈkwɒntəti /

•

UK / ˈkwɑntɪti /

noun
A large amount of something
Amount or number of something

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

continent

US / ˈkɒntɪnənt /

•

UK / ˈkɑntənənt /

noun
Very large piece of land, e.g. Africa or Asia

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

critical

US / ˈkrɪtɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkrɪtɪkəl /

adjecitve
Making a negative judgment of something
Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
Most important part

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

reverse

US / rɪ'vɜ:s /

•

UK / rɪˈvɚs /

noun
Setting that makes the vehicle go backward
(Drive a vehicle) backward gear of a vehicle
Instance of a significant change, for the worse
In a backwards order
Back part or side of something
verb
To drive a vehicle backward
To change to an opposite state, way or condition
To change back to a previous or normal condition
To change something to its opposite

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

timid

US / ˈtɪmɪd /

•

UK / ˈtɪmɪd /

adjecitve
Lacking in self-assurance or courage; shy

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

click

US / klɪk /

•

UK / klɪk /

noun
The sound a computer mouse makes when you press it
A short, slight, and sharp sound
verb
To work well with someone or something
To press a computer mouse
To make a short, slight, and sharp sound

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

badly

US / ˈbædli /

•

UK / ˈbædli /

adverb
Not in a good way; not as wanted or liked
To a severe degree; very much
In an unkind or unfavorable manner

exhaustion

US / ɪgˈzɔ:stʃən /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɔstʃən /

noun
Total loss of strength; extreme tiredness
Using up completely so that there is none left

gdp

US / ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː /

•

UK / ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː /

abbreviation
GDP is an acronym

radar

US / ˈreɪdɑ:(r) /

•

UK / ˈredɑr /

noun
Radio device used to find the location of objects

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

utterly

US / 'ʌtəli: /

•

UK / ˈʌtəli /

adverb
Completely

able

US / 'eɪbl /

•

UK / ˈebəl /

adjecitve
Skilled; good at something
Having the ability to do something

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

december

US / dɪˈsembə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈsɛmbɚ /

noun
The 12th month of the year

season

US / ˈsi:zn /

•

UK / ˈsizən /

noun
One of Spring, Summer, Autumn (Fall) and Winter
Time of year when something usually happens
verb
To add pepper and salt to something
To prepare wood for use by allowing it to dry

term

US / tɜ:m /

•

UK / tɚm /

noun
Conditions applying to an agreement, contract
Length of time something is expected to happen
Fixed period of weeks for learning at school
The (precise) name given to something
verb
To call; give a name to

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

opt

US / ɒpt /

•

UK / ɑ:pt /

verb
To choose one thing rather than other choices

magazine

US / ˌmægəˈzi:n /

•

UK / ˈmægəzi:n /

noun
Part of a gun used for holding bullet
Building or room used for storing military weapons
Weekly/monthly publication with pictures/stories

spade

US / speɪd /

•

UK / sped /

noun
One of the two black suits in cards
Hand tool with a large flat blade used for digging

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

lethal

US / 'li:θl /

•

UK / ˈliθəl /

adjecitve
Causing or able to cause death

rate

US / reɪt /

•

UK / ret /

noun
Current price or cost of something
Speed or frequency of events over time
verb
To assess something or consider its qualities

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

summer

US / ˈsʌmə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmɚ /

noun
Part of the year when the weather is hot
verb
To spend time in a place in the warm months

unfortunately

US / ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli /

•

UK / ʌnˈfɔːrtʃənətli /

adverb
In a way that is to be regretted; unluckily

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

power

US / 'paʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpaʊɚ /

noun
Legal or official right to perform certain actions
Ability to move forcefully and quickly
Energy of something (e.g. electricity or fuel)
Mathematical way to multiply a number
Condition of being in political control
Physical force, energy, and strength
verb
To give energy to something, e.g. by electricity
To move something forcefully and quickly

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

overwhelming

US / ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˌovɚˈhwɛlmɪŋ, -ˈwɛl- /

adjecitve
Having too much to handle (e.g. work)
verb
To defeat something or someone completely
To affect someone emotionally in a strong way
To cause to have too much to handle (e.g. work)

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

strength

US / streŋθ /

•

UK / strɛŋkθ, strɛŋθ, strɛnθ /

noun
Condition of being strong

accept

US / ək'sept /

•

UK / ækˈsɛpt /

verb
To agree to receive or take something offered
To admit that something is true or correct

citizen

US / 'sɪtɪzn /

•

UK / ˈsɪtɪzən /

noun
Person who belongs to and has rights in a country

essential

US / ɪ'senʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely or most important and necessary

defence

US / dɪˈfens /

•

UK / dɪˈfɛns /

noun
The process of protecting something from attack

man

US / mæn /

•

UK / mæn /

noun
Humans in general, including male and female
An adult male human being
Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
verb
To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

stand

US / stænd /

•

UK / stænd /

noun
Effort to fight against something
Piece of furniture; device to hold or support
Place in a stadium where spectators watch
Table where things are sold at a fair or market
verb
To be a candidate in an election
To be able to accept someone, something; bear
To last for a long time
To be upright; not be sitting or lying down
To place something in a particular position; place
To be (as stated)
To still be valid
To have an opinion about something

state

US / steɪt /

•

UK / stet /

adjecitve
Concerning region within a country
noun
Region within a country, with its own government
Situation or condition something is in
verb
To say; declare as fact

truly

US / 'tru:lɪ /

•

UK / ˈtruli /

adverb
In accordance with truth, fact or reality; really

budget

US / 'bʌdʒɪt /

•

UK / ˈbʌdʒɪt /

adjecitve
Low cost; inexpensive
noun
Amount of money planned to be spent
verb
To make a plan for how to spend your money

bank

US / bæŋk /

•

UK / bæŋk /

noun
A financial institution that keeps or lends money
The side of a river
A row of things in lines (e.g. computers)
verb
To put or keep your money in a bank
To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn

demand

US / dɪ'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / dɪˈmænd /

noun
Desire customers have to buy product, service
A strong request for someone to do something
verb
To strongly request someone to do something

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

protract

US / prə'trækt /

•

UK / proˈtrækt, prə- /

other
To draw out; make longer in terms of time
verb
To draw out; make longer in terms of time

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

russian

US / ˈrʌʃn /

•

UK / ˈrʌʃn /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Russia
noun
Person from Russia

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

trump

US / trʌmp /

•

UK / trʌmp /

noun
Any playing card of a suit that outranks another
verb
To gain an advantage over others

woefully

US / 'wəʊfəlɪ /

•

UK / 'woʊfəlɪ /

adverb
N an unfortunate or deplorable manner

Subtitles section

The Ukrainian Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine U

Since World War II, its top leadership began to look at the conflict as a long term problem.

Thus, Ukraine shifted to a strategy of shaping the future fight, and one that's now going to be paying dividends come winter.

Last winter, Ukraine and its allies basically set the stage for its offensive failure.

While Ukrainian forces sat on the defensive, all they could do was watch.

as Russian troops created vast fortifications that would prove impossible to completely overcome.

But this wasn't by choice.

Ukraine asked for, but did not receive, the precision and long range strike weapons it needed to disrupt those fortification efforts.

So, the question is, what's going to happen this winter?

Are we simply going to see a repeat of last winter?

Disturbingly, the answer is that it's more than likely not yes.

And here we're going to get slightly political, because the reason why this is happening is a political one.

Not a question of Ukrainian fighting spirit or ability, Ukraine has stated that it's going to continue offensive operations even during the winter.

So as to deny the Russians the ability to build up fresh fortifications, and let's take a minute to appreciate the fact that Ukraine, a nation a fraction the size of Russia, is going to be on the offensive against a vast military during the hardest time of the year to fight.

For there to be much success though, it's going to need significant stocks of western equipment.

and this is where the combined West is doing all it possibly can to ensure the Russians win the war.

The biggest problem that Ukraine faces from its Western allies is a lack of focus and commitment.

Europe promised Ukraine a million shells in the year of the war, and it's delivered only a fraction of that.

NATO continues to ship weapons to Ukraine, but only in drips and drabs.

This leaves Ukrainian military planners with a very difficult problem.

If they commit resources to an offensive, there's no guarantee they'll be replaced.

Inevitably, it becomes a better bet to simply remain on the defensive.

The biggest hurdle to Ukraine is the current political deadlock in America.

While most Republicans support continued aid to Ukraine, the entire Republican party has been held hostage by the far right element within it.

It's these far right politicians that have consistently set up roadblocks in the way of Ukraine aid, and it doesn't help that we're approaching an election year in America.

Thankfully, President Biden wisely opted to go for one massive aid package instead of breaking it up into smaller packages.

This would allow for a massive delivery of combat power to Ukraine all at once.

Think of it as the difference between having a handgun and being given two or three bullets at a time,

never knowing when the next one was coming, and instead being given a fully loaded magazine.

Suddenly, you have more options than you did before.

Yet, due to political infighting magnified by the looming of the next election, Republicans have consistently blocked the badly needed aid.

This has cut Ukraine off from the biggest source of military equipment, because while America has its problems, Europe has no excuses for the pathetic contributions it's made to a conflict in its own backyard.

That's not to say that Europe's contributions haven't been significant or even helpful, but rather the continent as a whole has only given a fraction of what the US has on its own, and the continent continues to show absolutely no promise of doing more any time soon.

This is a frustration shared by Poland's president and the Polish people themselves.

They after all are the most at risk if Ukraine were to fall to Russia.

Poland has demanded a hard commitment from the West to Ukraine, with a strategy that involves a steady flow of equipment to replenish losses and is predictable, allowing the Ukrainian military planners to commit equipment to a fight knowing their losses will be replaced.

The question is, will this commitment be met?

The answer is probably not.

America continues to use Ukraine as a political football, and Europe is still refusing to take its own security seriously despite Russian expansionism occurring in its own backyard.

If any of this makes you angry at us, redirect your energy to your political representatives

and tell them you're tired of The Infographics Show putting the entire Combined West on blast because it can't defeat a nation with less than five percent of its total GDP.

There is some good news for Ukraine, though, and tools that could shape the winter to a positive effect are slowly trickling in.

But there's also some significant problems, and one of them has nothing to do with a lack of equipment.

F Sixteens are en route to Ukraine, and that's good news because the nation needs them badly.

In September, Ukraine crossed the Dnipro using its marine forces, establishing a toehold outside of Krenki.

Ukraine still holds that area as of the making of this video, but the fighting has been utterly brutal.

While the media has talked up Russia's losses in Avdiivka and Bakhmut, it has been silent on the extreme casualties Ukraine has suffered on the east bank of the Dnipro.

In the words of a survivor recently evacuated due to wounds, Russia has thrown everything it has

the river crossing.

Included in this everything are Russian glide bombs, delivered by Russian fighter jets brave enough to risk getting shot down by their own air defenses.

By all accounts, the expanded use of glide bombs by Russian fighters has been devastating for Ukraine's attempts to cross the Dnipro, and it's this threat that Ukrainian F XVI's could do a lot to mitigate.

Ukraine has asked for three or four squadrons of aircraft in order to defend key areas of the front from both Russian fighter and helicopter attacks.

Russian attack helicopters were also heavily responsible for stalling out Ukrainian offensives in the northeast, engaging Ukrainian armored vehicles from outside the range of air defenses.

The good news is that it seems as if Ukraine will, in fact, be receiving the number of jets requested.

Estimates place the total number of F XVIs Ukraine will get at around sixty.

F XVIs won't be a silver bullet to this war any more than the German Leopard IIs or American Abrams tanks, but they will significantly impact Ukraine's ability to retake territory.

and blunt Russian airpower.

Despite having a fleet of nearly eight hundred attack aircraft, Russia's sortie rate has plummeted to only one hundred a day.

That's in stark comparison to the USS Theodore Roosevelt, which by itself flew about forty sorties a day during Desert Storm.

Why is the entire Russian Air Force flying barely twice as many sorties as a single American carrier, and why does this matter for the incoming F Sixteens?

The why comes down to the logistics and availability of pilots.

Russia is in a crisis of both currently.

The nation was woefully unprepared to face a robust air defense system like the one now operated in Ukraine, and has suffered for it, to the point that it's had to pull instructors away from their duties at their military flight school and put them on combat duty.

That's had a knock on effect of lowering the quality of Russian pilot graduates, who are already receiving a fraction of the flight hours of their American counterparts.

Russian doctrine, though, states that the best pilots get the hardest missions, and this inevitably leads to a brain drain as those best pilots get killed, often by their own air defenses.

And that's not a joke.

Nobody knows exactly how many of its own aircraft Russia has taken out, but it is widely accepted that Russian air defenses are in a dead heat with Ukraine for the total number of downed Russian jets.

Back in December of the year, Russian military bloggers widely reported that sources from within the military were indicating most of their combat losses were due to friendly fire.

And that about tracks with what we've seen since then, and how Russia has been using its aircraft.

from inside friendly lines, lobbing long range standoff munitions at distant targets well outside the range of most Ukrainian air defenses.

The endemic nature of Russian friendly fire, as this video is being made Russia shot down yet another of its Su

then it's better to limit how many of them you allow to fly at once.

This has created a bottleneck for Russia's vast aerospace forces, and it's what will allow Ukraine to put its F sixteens to great use.

While sixty jets won't change the war against hundreds left in the Russian inventory, if Russia can't put more than a handful of its aircraft in the sky at once,

Suddenly, we have an airborne battle of Thermopylae on our hands.

Those same air defenses will be just as lethal to the F Sixteens though, which is why it's critical that the jets come equipped with Western long range weapons.

This is the real force multiplier.

It's not just that Ukraine's getting jet replacements, it's that the nation will finally be able to use a wide inventory of NATO munitions that's frankly, exceptionally good at its job of destroying things you're tired of existing.

but the jets have one hidden feature that could make them a truly lethal threat to Russian aircraft operating anywhere near the front.

Even if using it could be the first truly escalatory step the West has taken in this war, NATO aircraft come with a military communications link known as Link Sixteen.

This secure data link allows NATO aircraft to talk to each other and to talk to each other's weapons.

It enables the use of smart precision weapons and other high tech toys that could make Russia's military have a very, very bad day.

The biggest capability Link

the exact type of aircraft that NATO has on constant patrol around the borders of Ukraine.

These aircraft utilize powerful radars and reverse engineered UFO technology to cover almost the entirety of the conflict area without getting close enough to provoke a Russian response.

By linking up to these aircraft, Ukrainian F Sixteens will have situational awareness that Russian fighter pilots could only dream of.

making it extremely difficult for Russian jets to catch Ukrainian F XVIs off guard, despite having very capable R XXXI air to air missiles which could threaten F XVIs far from the front lines.

Even more importantly though, with Link XVI active, Ukrainian F XVIs could engage targets far out of the range of what they could see.

and out of the range of Russian air defenses, NATO aircraft could guide Ukrainian weapons to their targets directly, using their powerful radars and being safe from Russian retaliation.

This would be a truly revolutionary development for Ukraine, allowing its small fleet of F Sixteens to significantly threaten the much larger Russian aerospace forces and clear the skies over any current offensives.

This will obviously be a significant escalatory step from the West, and the only one we're willing to admit Russia would be right to threaten over.

Given that the collective West has been as timid as a door mouse in standing up to Putin, we're willing to bet that Link

When it was clear that the offensive wasn't going to achieve the breakthrough desired, Ukraine shifted to a strategy of shaping the future battlefield.

Targeted counter battery fire decimated Russian artillery, which had significantly limited Russia's overwhelming fire superiority it's enjoyed since the start of the war.

This is a major boon to Ukrainian ground forces, especially in the winter as they face the prospect of ongoing combat operations in order to deny Russia the time needed to rebuild its defenses.

The influx of storm shadow and now attackoms has also allowed Ukraine to target Russian logistics,

and those strikes are now going to pay off in spades as winter sets in.

Russian supply lines have been significantly affected by ongoing strikes of precision western weapons, and this is going to take a toll on Russian defenders in the war.

We already saw how badly Russian forces suffered in their trenches last winter, and that was before Ukraine had access to the number of precision weapons it has today.

As it's been said by senior American military officials, we do not envy Russian soldiers in the coming winter season.

Ukrainian ground forces continue to be well supplied with the basic essentials needed for life on the front during the winter.

Warm weather gear is in abundance, as are military rations supplied by the West.

This is in stark comparison to the food and warm winter gear problems we saw from Russia last year, though what their situation is this year remains unknown.

Ukraine's biggest problem however isn't keeping troops warm and fed on the front, it's exhaustion.

Russia has leveraged its only advantage over Ukraine in the last few months, in anticipation of winter fighting.

Russian tactics have rightly been called meat wave attacks.

as the nation has sent scores of unsupported infantry straight into the teeth of Ukrainian defences since the end of summer.

Here, Russia is leveraging its overwhelming numbers' superiority and callous disregard for its own citizens' life, traditional strengths for the nation, against superior Ukrainian firepower and training.

Unfortunately, the attacks are working at exhausting Ukrainian defenders, who've had to face wave after wave of the attacks.

Ukraine is badly in need of rotating its frontline troops out for rest and reconstitution, but it's unlikely to be able to do so in any significant numbers during the ongoing winter fighting season.

With an estimated million military age men leaving the country, creating the badly needed relief forces is also a problem.

This is why Ukraine's continued survival hinges on Western support.

It's been widely said that precision trumps mass, and historically this has been the case.

During the second invasion of Iraq, a force of less than one hundred thousand American ground combat troops was able to completely defeat the entirety of the Iraqi military due to overwhelming precision strike capabilities.

These are the same capabilities that Ukraine needs today, but the real question is, will the West continue to collectively hide behind its skirt as Putin kills more Ukrainians, or finally commit to winning this war as it once promised at the outbreak of hostilities?

So,

Can Ukraine survive the winter?

Yes, it will inevitably do so, even if left unsupported, the nation has the ability to continue fighting for quite a long time.

But actually ending this war and limiting the loss of life on both sides comes down to the West getting its act together, and at last providing the tools needed in the quantity needed.

It's Russia who in fact is at risk of losing a protracted conflict.

Putin recently admitted to the military suffering as many as three hundred thousand casualties in Ukraine, prompting many to question just how much longer it can contain growing outrage at mounting casualties.

Even more importantly though, Russia's budget went into deficit just three months into the year, and with the nation expanding its military spending, it's unlikely to be able to support ongoing combat operations at this scale for longer than two or three years at the most.

If Ukraine can inflict more catastrophic losses, the economic cost of the war may simply become too heavy to bear.

Now go watch how Ukraine war is reshaping US military, or click this other video instead.