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How This Michigan Town Accidentally Buried Itself in Sand

Original YouTube Video | halfasinteresting Published on 2024-02-19 Level：89 Speed：77 maxwordlevel：26

Video vocabulary

biz

US / bɪz /

•

UK / bɪz /

noun
A business, especially one connected with entertainment.

contour

US / 'kɒntʊə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌtʊr /

noun
Shape of the outside edge of a face, a hill, etc.

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

resident

US / ˈrezɪdənt /

•

UK / ˈrɛzɪdənt, -ˌdɛnt /

adjecitve
Someone who lives in a particular place
noun
Trainee doctor who works/lives in a hospital

shipwreck

US / ˈʃɪprek /

•

UK / ˈʃɪpˌrɛk /

noun
Loss/destruction of a ship at sea by a storm, etc.

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

name

US / neɪm /

•

UK / nem /

noun
What something or someone is called
verb
To state what someone is called, e.g. John

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

version

US / ˈvə:ʃən /

•

UK / ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən /

noun
Different way that someone interprets something
New or different form of something
An updated form of some software

congrat

US / /

•

UK / /

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

hey

US / heɪ /

•

UK / he /

exclamation
What you say when you want someone's attention

region

US / 'ri:dʒən /

•

UK / ˈridʒən /

noun
Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.

stabilize

US / 'steɪbəlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈstebəˌlaɪz /

verb
To make stable/consistent, with no major changes

zone

US / zəʊn /

•

UK / zoʊn /

noun
Area of space designated for a particular use
verb
To divide an area for a particular reason

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

abandon

US / ə'bændən /

•

UK / əˈbændən /

noun
Wild, carefree behavior
verb
To discard or intentionally get rid of an item
To withdraw your support, or leave someone
To stop doing or having (hope, plans); give up
To leave a place, car and not go back
To surrender to a desire, with little self-control

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

ben

US / ben /

•

UK / bɛn /

noun
A mountain or tall hill

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

money

US / 'mʌnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmʌni /

noun
Coins or notes we use to pay for things

propose

US / prə'pəʊz /

•

UK / prəˈpoz /

verb
To make an offer of marriage
To offer or put forward an idea for consideration

ridge

US / rɪdʒ /

•

UK / rɪdʒ /

noun
Edge where two leaning surfaces meet
Raised, narrow area, usually on top of a hill

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

golf

US / ɡɒlf /

•

UK / ɡɑlf, ɡɔlf /

noun
Game played to hit a ball into a hole with a stick
verb
To play golf

height

US / haɪt /

•

UK / haɪt /

noun
Distance of something from the bottom to the top

kalamazoo

US / ˌkæləməˈzu /

•

UK / /

proper noun
An industrial and commercial city in southwestern Michigan; population 72,179 (est. 2008).

progressively

US / prəˈgresɪvli /

•

UK / prəˈɡrɛsɪvlɪ /

adverb
In a progressive manner

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

knock

US / nɒk /

•

UK / nɑk /

noun
Bad experience that reduces a person's confidence
Action of something solid hitting something hard
verb
To criticize someone in an unreasonable way
To hit something to get people's attention
To strike something hard, causing damage

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

tree

US / tri: /

•

UK / tri /

noun
Tall green plants in a forest

concept

US / 'kɒnsept /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌsɛpt /

noun
Abstract idea of something or how it works

along

US / əˈlɒŋ /

•

UK / əˈlɔ:ŋ /

adverb
As a companion; taken with someone
preposition
At a point on a line

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

grip

US / ɡrɪp /

•

UK / ɡrɪp /

noun
Strong understanding of an idea
Control over something or someone
Part of an object to help you hold onto it
Act of holding something firmly
other
Control over something or someone
verb
To hold someone's interest
To hold something in your hand very firmly

national

US / 'næʃnəl /

•

UK / ˈnæʃənəl, ˈnæʃnəl /

adjecitve
Concerning a nation as a whole
noun
A person of a particular country

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

shore

US / ʃɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ʃɔr, ʃor /

noun
Land along the edge of a sea, lake or river

arrive

US / əˈraɪv /

•

UK / əˈraɪv /

verb
To reach the place you are traveling to

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

company

US / 'kʌmpənɪ /

•

UK / ˈkʌmpəni /

noun
Good feeling from being with someone else
A business that sells things or provides services
Guests, especially in your home
Being with another person rather than alone

floor

US / flɔ:(r) /

•

UK / flɔr, flor /

noun
Large area used for a particular purpose
Part of a room on which you stand
Particular level in a building; storey
verb
To hit or push someone to the ground
To surprise or confuse someone who can't respond

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

underneath

US / ˌʌndə'ni:θ /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈniθ /

adverb
Hidden beneath the surface of something
On the lower side or bottom of something
preposition
Lower than, as in status; beneath
Located under or below something

wave

US / weɪv /

•

UK / wev /

noun
Movement of sound, air or energy
Deep and strong emotion that is suddenly felt
Slightly curved shape in hair
Frequency of movement of objects together
Up and down movement of water in a lake or sea
Signal with your hand to say hello or goodbye
verb
To cause to move side to side or back and forth
To swing back and forth as a result of the wind
To move your hand or arm to say hello or goodbye

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

ship

US / ʃɪp /

•

UK / ʃɪp /

noun
Large boat
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

brilliant

US / 'brɪlɪənt /

•

UK / ˈbrɪljənt /

adjecitve
Having a great amount of intelligence or talent
Being very bright, like a diamond; shining

marina

US / məˈri:nə /

•

UK / məˈrinə /

noun
Person's name
Harbor made for yachts and small boats

moisture

US / 'mɔɪstʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmɔɪstʃɚ /

noun
Small amount of wetness that can be felt

north

US / nɔ:θ /

•

UK / nɔ:rθ /

adjecitve
Coming from the opposite direction to the south
noun
Direction to your left when facing the rising sun

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

exclusively

US / ɪk'sklu:sɪvlɪ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsklusɪvlɪ /

adverb
For the use of only one person or group

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

themselves

US / ðəmˈselvz /

•

UK / ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðəm- /

pronoun
Reflexive form of 'they'

vegetation

US / ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌvɛdʒɪˈteʃən /

noun
(Of plants) to grow in an area (without humans)
Plants in general or those growing in one area

against

US / əˈgenst /

•

UK / əˈɡenst /

preposition
In physical contact with, as for support; next to
In opposition to; disagreeing with

convert

US / kən'vɜ:t /

•

UK / kənˈvɚt /

noun
Person switching from one belief system to another
verb
To switch from a religion, belief etc. to another
To change form, character, or function to another

famously

US / ˈfeɪməsli /

•

UK / ˈfeməsli /

adverb
In a manner or to an extent that is well known

panic

US / 'pænɪk /

•

UK / ˈpænɪk /

noun
Overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety
verb
To feel sudden anxiety and fear and cannot think

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

south

US / saʊθ /

•

UK / saʊθ /

adjecitve
Direction to your right when facing the rising sun
Coming from the opposite direction from north
noun
The direction to your right of the rising sun

pioneer

US / ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌpaɪəˈnɪr /

noun
Person exploring a new place or field of endeavor
verb
To begin or discover something new
To take part in the development of something new

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

demonstrate

US / 'demənstreɪt /

•

UK / ˈdɛmənˌstret /

verb
To display a feeling or ability openly
To protest about something often as a group
To prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence
To show how something works (e.g. product)

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

replant

US / 'ri:'plɑ:nt /

•

UK / ri:'plɑ:nt /

verb
To move a plant to a new location

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

ooh

US / u: /

•

UK / u /

exclamation
Sound people make when they make a mistake

single

US / 'sɪŋɡl /

•

UK / ˈsɪŋɡəl /

adjecitve
Being one only, without others
Only; merely
Not married or in a relationship
noun
One run in cricket or a hit baseball
An individual song from a CD or album
Person who is not married or in a relationship

townspeople

US / ˈtaʊnzpi:pl /

•

UK / ˈtaʊnzˌpipəl /

noun
People living in a town

brutal

US / 'bru:tl /

•

UK / ˈbrutl /

adjecitve
Extremely violent or mean

crazy

US / 'kreɪzɪ /

•

UK / ˈkrezi /

adjecitve
Mentally ill; mad
Not being sensible or practical
Really like someone or something very much
noun
Person acting in a manner that is strange and odd

grass

US / grɑ:s /

•

UK / græs /

noun
Slang name for marijuana
Plants with narrow green leaves, grown on lawns
verb
To betray someone
To cover an area of ground to make a lawn or field

harvest

US / ˈhɑ:vɪst /

•

UK / ˈhɑ:rvɪst /

noun
Gathering crops from the fields; the crops
The time of year to bring crops in from the fields
verb
To gather ripe crops in from the fields

holland

US / 'hɒlənd /

•

UK / 'hɑlənd /

noun
A kind of smooth, durable linen fabric, used chiefly for window shades and furniture covering.
proper noun
another name for the Netherlands
A city in southwestern Michigan, noted for its Dutch heritage; population 34,076 (est. 2008).

whoop

US / wu:p /

•

UK / hup, hwup, wup /

exclamation
Loud cry expressing excitement or happiness
verb
To shout loudly in a happy or excited manner

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

address

US / ə'dres /

•

UK / əˈdrɛs /

noun
Exact street location of a place
A formal speech to a group of people
verb
To write the place someone lives on a letter
To refer to someone or something formally
To make a formal speech to a group of people
To try to find a solution to; think about

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

final

US / ˈfaɪnl /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəl /

adjecitve
That will not be changed; permanent
Being the last thing in a series
noun
Last game in a series in a competition

dream

US / dri:m /

•

UK / drim /

noun
A wish or hope for something to happen
Imagination or image of something you want
Images, thoughts, feelings experienced when asleep
verb
To wish for something to happen
To experience thoughts, images while asleep

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

pack

US / pæk /

•

UK / pæk /

noun
Bag carried on the back of donkey, etc.
Group of people, animals, or objects
verb
To put things in a suitcase to go on a trip
To crowd a place with a large amount of things
To put something into a container to store it

pine

US / paɪn /

•

UK / paɪn /

noun
Tall pointed evergreen tree with needlelike leaves
verb
To feel sad because you miss someone

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

accumulate

US / əˈkju:mjəleɪt /

•

UK / əˈkjumjəˌlet /

verb
To gather or acquire so that you have more of it

business

US / ˈbɪznəs /

•

UK / ˈbɪznɪs /

noun
A company formed for making profit
Matter that has to be dealt with; task; situation
Activity of working to make a profit

abound

US / ə'baʊnd /

•

UK / əˈbaʊnd /

verb
To exist in large amounts or numbers; be plentiful

defenseless

US / dɪ'fensləs /

•

UK / dɪ'fensləs /

adjecitve
Lacking protection or support

description

US / dɪˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Explanation of what something is like, looks like

rider

US / 'raɪdə(r) /

•

UK / ˈraɪdɚ /

noun
Someone who rides on something, e.g. bike, a horse
Addition to a piece of writing that changes it
A traveler who rides an animal (as a horse)

tangible

US / ˈtændʒəbl /

•

UK / ˈtændʒəbəl /

adjecitve
Able to be touched or felt; real
Able to be seen or noticed; obvious; apparent
noun
Item which can be seen and touched

support

US / səˈpɔ:t /

•

UK / səˈpɔrt, -ˈport /

noun
Assistance or advice given to someone
Evidence that helps prove something is true
A thing to hold up or prevent from falling down
verb
To give assistance or advice to someone
To help prove or show that something is true
To hold up or prevent from falling down

surprise

US / səˈpraɪz /

•

UK / sərˈpraɪz /

adjecitve
That surprises you; not expected
noun
Something unexpected that slightly shocks you
verb
To do something that another person didn't expect

whether

US / ˈweðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhwɛðɚ, ˈwɛð- /

conjunction
If something will happen or not

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

someone

US / ˈsʌmwʌn /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Person who is not known or named

sell

US / sel /

•

UK / sɛl /

verb
To exchange something for money
To persuade people to do, like or agree

realize

US / 'ri:əlaɪz /

•

UK / ˈriəˌlaɪz /

verb
To become aware of or understand mentally

stick

US / stɪk /

•

UK / stɪk /

noun
Long thin piece of wood from a tree
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

army

US / 'ɑ:mɪ /

•

UK / ˈɑrmi /

noun
Large group of soldiers organized to fight in wars

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

housing

US / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈhaʊzɪŋ /

noun
Homes; houses in general
Cover for a machine
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

quick

US / kwɪk /

•

UK / kwɪk /

adjecitve
Using very little time; moving far in little time
Learning and understanding rapidly and easily

lighthouse

US / 'laɪthaʊs /

•

UK / ˈlaɪtˌhaʊs /

noun
Tower with a light that warns ships about rocks

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

bus

US / bʌs /

•

UK / bʌs /

noun
A large road vehicle used for carrying many people
verb
To move people by coach or bus

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

pile

US / paɪl /

•

UK / paɪl /

adjecitve
(Surface) consisting of usually short threads
noun
Large amount of something
Group of things one on top of another
Long post used to support something
Carpet, rug consisting of usually short threads
verb
(E.g. of problems) to increase; get more or worse

skill

US / skɪl /

•

UK / skɪl /

noun
Ability to do something well

third

US / θɜ:d /

•

UK / θɜ:rd /

adjecitve
3rd: Number after second

burn

US / bɜ:n /

•

UK / bɚn /

noun
Damage from fire or heat
verb
To destroy with fire
To feel pain and heat
To use as fuel for a fire to make light or heat
To overcook food with too much heat it goes black

eat

US / i:t /

•

UK / it /

verb
To put food in your mouth

million

US / ˈmɪljən /

•

UK / ˈmɪljən /

number
1,000,000

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

wait

US / weɪt /

•

UK / wet /

verb
To delay or not do something until later
To spend time until an expected thing happens
To remain in a place until a thing happens

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

already

US / ɔ:lˈredi /

•

UK / ɔlˈrɛdi /

adverb
Having happened or been done before this time

appear

US / ə'pɪə(r) /

•

UK / əˈpɪr /

verb
To be seen, become visible; come into sight
To seem to be
To act in a play, movie, or be mentioned in media

describe

US / dɪ'skraɪb /

•

UK / dɪˈskraɪb /

verb
To tell the appearance, sound, smell of something

guess

US / ɡes /

•

UK / ɡɛs /

noun
Answer given when you don't know if it is correct
verb
To give an answer without knowing if it is correct

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

sand

US / sænd /

•

UK / sænd /

noun
Area composed of tiny pieces of rock near an ocean
Small pieces of rock that make beaches and deserts
verb
To cover a surface with grit e.g. roads
To smoothen a surface with sandpaper

wild

US / waɪld /

•

UK / waɪld /

adjecitve
Living in nature; not tame
(Of land) not developed by people
adverb
In a manner which lacks control
noun
A natural environment e.g. jungle, forest

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

weather

US / 'weðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɛðɚ /

noun
Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
verb
To successfully deal with a difficult situation
To erode or become damaged due to the environment

balance

US / ˈbæləns /

•

UK / ˈbæləns /

noun
Instrument for weighing things
Being stable; having equal weight on both sides
Money remaining after paying costs
verb
To be steady by having equal weight on both sides
To make two or more things equal

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

massive

US / ˈmæsɪv /

•

UK / ˈmæsɪv /

adjecitve
Very big; large; too big

peak

US / pi:k /

•

UK / pik /

noun
Part of a cap that sticks out over your eyes
The very top of a mountain
State when something is at its best
Time or point when the highest level occurs
verb
To reach the highest or best point

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

white

US / waɪt /

•

UK / hwaɪt, waɪt /

adjecitve
Belonging to a race of people with light skin
Of the color of fresh snow and milk
noun
Person's name
Lightest color; The color of fresh snow.

science

US / 'saɪəns /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəns /

noun
Study of the physical world, based on facts

unless

US / ənˈles /

•

UK / ʌnˈlɛs /

conjunction
Negative of 'if'

basic

US / 'beɪsɪk /

•

UK / ˈbesɪk /

adjecitve
At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

area

US / 'eərɪə /

•

UK / ˈɛriə /

noun
Amount of measured space
A specific section or space; part of a region
A subject or field of study

fro

US / frəʊ /

•

UK / fro /

adverb
From.

normal

US / 'nɔ:ml /

•

UK / ˈnɔrməl /

adjecitve
Standard or regular way of doing something
Having standard mental or physical ability, health

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Reddit is an American social news aggregation, content rating, and discussion website.

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

busy

US / 'bɪzɪ /

•

UK / ˈbɪzi /

adjecitve
Working hard doing something; full of activity
verb
To actively be occupied with doing something

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

foot

US / fʊt /

•

UK / fʊt /

noun
Base of something such as a mountain or vase
Length of 12 inches or about 25 cm
Lowest part of the leg we use to stand on

interior

US / ɪn'tɪərɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɪriɚ /

adjecitve
Being the inside part of a building, car etc.
noun
Part of country that is far from the border, coast
Remote central area of a continent

mini

US / 'mɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɪni /

noun
Small British car
A very short skirt
prefix
Small

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

town

US / taʊn /

•

UK / taʊn /

noun
Small city
Part of city with shops and entertainments

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

meter

US / ˈmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmitɚ /

noun
Unit of length equal to 100 cm or about 39 inches
Device for measuring things e.g. gas
Device to put money into to rent a parking place
Rhythm of a poem
verb
To measure water, etc. when it has to be paid for

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

sam

US / ˈsæm /

•

UK / ˈsæm /

abbreviation
Surface-to-air missile.

writer

US / ˈraɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈraɪtɚ /

noun
Professional who writes books, articles etc.

coast

US / kəʊst /

•

UK / kost /

noun
Land near the sea or ocean
verb
To progress in something without trying hard
(Of a vehicle) to move forward without power

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

port

US / pɔ:t /

•

UK / pɔrt, port /

noun
City where ships can shelter during a storm
Left side of a ship when facing forward
Opening in a computer where wires can be connected
Sweet wine that is produced in Portugal
verb
To move data from one computer system to another

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

restart

US / ˌri:ˈstɑ:t /

•

UK / ˌri:ˈstɑ:rt /

verb
To begin working again after it has stopped

sponsor

US / ˈspɒnsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈspɑ:nsə(r) /

noun
Person that supports the passage of a new law
Person giving money for someone's education
verb
To support the passage of a new law
To help someone succeed by giving them money
To pay for an event, usually as an advertisement

upon

US / əˈpɔn, əpən /

•

UK / əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn /

preposition
More formal term for 'on'

screw

US / skru: /

•

UK / skru /

noun
Long metal nail with a spiral thread
verb
To cheat someone, as out of money/property
To close something by turning it into place
To attach things together by twisting
To twist something out of shape, e.g. paper

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

chicago

US / ʃɪ'kɑ:gəʊ, -'kɔ:- /

•

UK / ʃɪ'kɑ:ɡoʊˌ -'kɔ:- /

proper noun
A city in northeastern Illinois, on Lake Michigan; population 2,853,114 (est. 2008). Chicago develop

chili

US / ˈtʃɪli /

•

UK / ˈtʃɪli /

noun
Hot-tasting spice used in curry, etc.

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

shipping

US / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈʃɪpɪŋ /

noun
Business of transporting goods or orders to places
verb
To transport goods by boat, truck or plane

upper

US / ˈʌpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌpɚ /

adjecitve
Located above others of the same kind
Being the northern part of a region
Being closer to the source of a river
noun
Drug that improves mood or increases energy
Something happy or encouraging
Top part of a shoe, other than the flat bottom

archaeology

US / ˌɑ:kiˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / ˌɑrkiˈɑlədʒi /

noun
The study of ancient societies

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

premium

US / ˈpri:miəm /

•

UK / ˈprimiəm /

adjecitve
Having a higher than normal quality
noun
Money paid as a fee for insurance

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

onto

US / ˈɒntə /

•

UK / ˈɑnˌtu, -tə, ˈɔn- /

preposition
Towards a certain direction/into a certain area

blow

US / bləʊ /

•

UK / blo /

noun
Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
Act of making air come out of your mouth
A hit or strike from an object
verb
To move something using air
To make air come quickly out of your mouth
To clear something by forcing air through it

economic

US / ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk /

•

UK / ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk, ˌikə- /

adjecitve
Concerning trade, industry, and money

desert

US / 'dezət /

•

UK / ˈdɛzət /

noun
Bare area of land, often with few plants and water
verb
To leave a place for ever; abandon
To leave when one is needed or expected to stay

gather

US / ˈgæðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɡæðɚ /

noun
Fold in cloth, as in a full skirt
verb
To bring objects together into one place
(Of liquids) To come to a head, as in boil
To collect foods such as wild berries or crops
To increase or accumulate
To bring people, animals together into a group
To activate strength, courage to prepare for task
To understand or believe some information

problem

US / ˈprɒbləm /

•

UK / ˈprɑbləm /

adjecitve
Causing trouble
noun
Something difficult to deal with or causes trouble
Question to show understanding of a math concept

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

bluff

US / blʌf /

•

UK / blʌf /

noun
Attempt to fool or trick someone
verb
To pretend to do something to trick someone

flour

US / ˈflaʊə(r) /

•

UK / flaʊr /

noun
Powder made from a grain used in cooking
verb
To cover something with flour in cooking

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

demystify

US / ˌdi:ˈmɪstɪfaɪ /

•

UK / ˌdi:'mɪstɪfaɪ /

verb
To explain something difficult

interactive

US / ˌɪntərˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Acting or influencing others

lifelong

US / ˈlaɪflɒŋ /

•

UK / ˈlaɪflɔ:ŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing through life; lasting a long time

atlantic

US / æt'læntɪk /

•

UK / ætˈlæntɪk /

adjecitve
Of the ocean between Africa and the Americas

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

submerge

US / səb'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / səbˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To sink or put below the surface

sustainable

US / səˈsteɪnəbl /

•

UK / səˈsteɪnəbl /

adjecitve
Capable of continuing for a long time
Able to be maintained without running out of

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

fabulous

US / ˈfæbjələs /

•

UK / ˈfæbjələs /

adjecitve
Almost impossible to believe, incredible

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

heavy

US / 'hevɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɛvi /

adjecitve
Greater in amount, degree, or severity than usual
Involving serious or strong emotions
Having a lot of weight

post

US / pəʊst /

•

UK / post /

noun
Message delivered or shared in an online group
Piece of wood, metal in the ground for support
Job or position within an organization or company
Place where a soldier, etc. is ordered to go
verb
To send a letter or package using stamps
To share a message on an internet discussion group
To send a soldier somewhere to do a job
To put a message in public for everyone to see

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

worry

US / ˈwʌri /

•

UK / ˈwɜ:ri /

noun
Something that causes trouble or concern
verb
To cause concern or trouble over something

death

US / deθ /

•

UK / dɛθ /

noun
When someone dies; the end of life

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

lake

US / leɪk /

•

UK / lek /

noun
Large area of water surrounded by land

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

yes

US / jes /

•

UK / jɛs /

adverb
Way to say you agree or will do something

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

add

US / æd /

•

UK / æd /

verb
To include as well
To put two things or numbers together, e.g. 2+2

anchor

US / 'æŋkə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæŋkɚ /

noun
Metal hook on a rope used to stop boats moving
Person who presents a news program on TV
verb
To lower an anchor to hold a boat or ship in place

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

mill

US / mɪl /

•

UK / mɪl /

noun
Factory for making flour, steel, etc.
Kitchen tool used for grinding coffee, pepper etc.
verb
To make grain into flour with a machine
To grind into smaller pieces using a mill

neighbour

US / 'neɪbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnebɚ /

noun
Person who lives, or is near, you

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

link

US / lɪŋk /

•

UK / lɪŋk /

noun
Any one of the rings that are part of a chain
Connection between two or more things or people
Webpage item you click to go to another webpage
verb
To join or connect together

scrub

US / skrʌb /

•

UK / skrʌb /

noun
Act of cleaning with hard rubbing
verb
To clean with hard rubbing

dense

US / dens /

•

UK / dɛns /

adjecitve
Very thick and difficult to see, get through
Hard to understand
Uncomprehending; foolish; inconsiderate

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

dune

US / dju:n /

•

UK / du:n /

noun
Hill made of sand that is formed by the wind

log

US / lɒg /

•

UK / lɔ:g /

noun
Detailed account of events and progress on journey
Piece of a tree that has fallen or been cut
verb
To move a certain distance or speed, as recorded
To leave a website or computer account
To record something in an official account
To cut trees down and take the wood to use it

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

vine

US / vaɪn /

•

UK / vaɪn /

noun
Long thin plant that climbs over something

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

otherwise

US / ˈʌðəwaiz /

•

UK / ˈʌðɚˌwaɪz /

adverb
In an additional or different way
Unless; or

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

empty

US / 'emptɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛmpti /

adjecitve
Containing nothing; with no contents
Without emotions, feelings, meaning or force
noun
Item, e.g. a bottle, whose contents have been used
verb
To remove the contents from something

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

historian

US / hɪˈstɔ:riən /

•

UK / hɪˈstɔriən /

noun
Someone who studies the course of history

super

US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsupɚ /

adjecitve
Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

top

US / tɒp /

•

UK / tɑp /

adjecitve
Being good or great; excellent
Being the most in degree or quality
noun
Item of clothing covering shoulders to waist, hips
A cover or lid
Part (e.g. road) that is the furthest away
Highest or upper part or point of something
Best or highest status or position
Flat upper surface or edge of an object
Child's toy that spins on its point
Upper section or leaves of fruits and vegetables
Winning in a sport or contest
verb
To be higher or larger than a specific value
To arrive at the highest point of something
To put a cover or layer or over something
To kill; murder
To hold the highest position on a list
To be more important, successful or better than
To beat someone or win at a game

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

wipe

US / waɪp /

•

UK / waɪp /

noun
Act to clean or dry something with a cloth
verb
To clean or dry something with a cloth
To spread a liquid on something

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

settle

US / 'setl /

•

UK / ˈsɛtl /

noun
Type of wooden seat
verb
To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
To complete or finalize e.g. a contract or debt
To end some troubles by reaching an agreement
To become accustomed to a new environment
(Of liquids) to move to the bottom of a container

rock

US / rɒk /

•

UK / rɑk /

noun
Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
verb
To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
To be extremely effective or pleasing
To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
To move back and forth or from side to side

root

US / ru:t /

•

UK / rut, rʊt /

noun
Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
The origin or starting place of something
A number that is multiplied by itself
Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
verb
To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
(Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
To stop someone moving, as through fear

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

ready

US / 'redɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɛdi /

adjecitve
Being likely or about to do something
Being willing to do a task
verb
To prepare something for use or action

subscription

US / səbˈskrɪpʃn /

•

UK / səbˈskrɪpʃən /

noun
Regular payment for a service, magazine etc.

swirl

US / swɜ:l /

•

UK / swɜrl /

verb
To make a twisting shape, mark, or pattern

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

school

US / sku:l /

•

UK / skul /

adjecitve
Being to do with schools and education
noun
Large group of fish that swim together
Education of a child
Building where you learn in classes with a teacher
A particular belief or idea about something
verb
To teach or train someone to know or do something

truck

US / trʌk /

•

UK / trʌk /

noun
Homegrown vegetables and fruit for sale
Large vehicle suitable for transporting things
Simple frame with wheels for moving things; cart
verb
To transport something on a lorry, van

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

dock

US / dɒk /

•

UK / dɑ:k /

noun
Area in a harbor where boats arrive and are kept
verb
To take away a part of an animal's tail
To take away a part of someone's salary
To park a boat or ship in a harbor or marina

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

slide

US / slaɪd /

•

UK / slaɪd /

noun
Part of machines that slides backward and forward
Reduction in amount, price, quality
Metal or plastic device, used to hold back hair
Piece of glass to view object on using microscope
Action of moving by means of sliding
Sudden unexpected fall of mud or rock down a hill
Small piece of film with a photo on it
A child's play apparatus in a park for sliding
A backless shoe with an open toe
A slip on something wet or slippery
verb
To pass or move smoothly and rapidly into or out
To grow increasingly worse over time
To move smoothly and rapidly over a surface
(Mud or rock) to fall down a hill
To secretly pass something into or out of
To slip on something wet or slippery

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

bank

US / bæŋk /

•

UK / bæŋk /

noun
A financial institution that keeps or lends money
The side of a river
A row of things in lines (e.g. computers)
verb
To put or keep your money in a bank
To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn

body

US / ˈbɒd.i /

•

UK / ˈbɑdi /

noun
An object distinct from other objects
A group of people involved in an activity together
Main part of something
A person's physical self

delicate

US / 'delɪkət /

•

UK / ˈdɛlɪkɪt /

adjecitve
Easily broken or damaged
Finely made, with great care

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

forest

US / 'fɒrɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɔrɪst, ˈfɑr- /

noun
Large area with many trees

digestible

US / daɪˈdʒestəbl /

•

UK / daɪˈdʒɛstəbəl, dɪ- /

adjecitve
(Of food) easy to digest; not causing indigestion

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

man

US / mæn /

•

UK / mæn /

noun
Humans in general, including male and female
An adult male human being
Male who acts in a masculine way; not like a woman
verb
To control or operate (a machine); be in charge of
To operate a machine (a boat, etc.)

midwest

US / ˌmɪd'west /

•

UK / ˌmɪd'west /

adjecitve
North central region of the United States

plant

US / plɑ:nt /

•

UK / plænt /

noun
Factory or a place where things are made
Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
verb
To firmly position something (in the ground)
To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground

sharpen

US / 'ʃɑ:pən /

•

UK / ˈʃɑrpən /

verb
To make something more pointed, e.g. a pencil

nineteenth

US / ˌnaɪn'ti:nθ /

•

UK / naɪnˈtinθ /

noun
19th

level

US / 'levl /

•

UK / ˈlɛvəl /

adjecitve
(Sports) equal to another
Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
noun
Specific height of something
Amount of ability you have compared to others
Floor or deck within a building
Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
verb
To aim a gun at someone
To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
To make things flat or even
To make a score equal to another, in sports

click

US / klɪk /

•

UK / klɪk /

noun
The sound a computer mouse makes when you press it
A short, slight, and sharp sound
verb
To work well with someone or something
To press a computer mouse
To make a short, slight, and sharp sound

boarding

US / ˈbɔ:dɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈbɔ:rdɪŋ /

adjecitve
Living in someone's house, a dormitory
verb
To enter a ship, plane, or other vehicle
To cover with long wooden strips of wood
To pay money to live in someone's house; lodge

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

crab

US / kræb /

•

UK / kræb /

noun
Sea creature with a hard shell and two claws
verb
To complain about something in an annoying way

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

map

US / mæp /

•

UK / mæp /

noun
Diagram showing the geography of an area
verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

park

US / pɑ:k /

•

UK / pɑ:rk /

noun
Person's name
Public green area in a town for exercise, relaxing
Field upon which a sport is played, e.g. baseball
verb
To stay still without moving
To leave your car, bike in a certain place

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

fit

US / fɪt /

•

UK / fɪt /

adjecitve
Good looking; physically attractive
Proper or acceptable; morally or socially correct
noun
Sudden loss of body control; attack (of crying)
verb
To install a machine, equipment etc.
To adjust or change to the right size or shape
To be the right size and shape that you want

graveyard

US / ˈgreɪvjɑ:d /

•

UK / ˈgreɪvjɑ:rd /

noun
Area used for burials; area with many graves

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

person

US / 'pɜ:sn /

•

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

noun
Man, woman or child

nevertheless

US / ˌnevəðəˈles /

•

UK / ˌnevərðəˈles /

adverb
In spite of what has just been said; nonetheless

singapore

US / ˌsɪŋgə'pɔ: /

•

UK / ˌsɪŋgə'pɔ: /

other
A country in southeastern Asia on the island of Singapore; achieved independence from Malaysia in
An island to the south of the Malay Peninsula

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

wow

US / waʊ /

•

UK / waʊ /

exclamation
Sound people make when they make are impressed
verb
(Informal) to greatly impress someone

harbour

US / 'hɑ:bə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhɑrbɚ /

noun
Area of water protected by land and used by ships
Place providing comfort and shelter from danger
verb
To contain, hold, include, or hide something
To feel certain thoughts/emotions for a long time
To have a thought/feeling without expressing it
To hide or give shelter to (when in danger)
To secretly give shelter/protection to a criminal

dumb

US / dʌm /

•

UK / dʌm /

adjecitve
Senseless; stupid

frozen

US / 'frəʊzn /

•

UK / ˈfroʊzn /

adjecitve
Hard, solid because it is below zero degrees
verb
To store an item of food in a cold place
To make someone to not want to communicate
To stop moving and be still; stay the same

drown

US / draʊn /

•

UK / draʊn /

verb
To kill something by putting it under water
To make something very wet or cover it completely

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

house

US / haʊs /

•

UK / haʊs /

noun
Place where a specific activity or business occurs
Building in which a family, person lives
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

wine

US / waɪn /

•

UK / waɪn /

adjecitve
Dark red color
noun
Alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes

annual

US / ˈænjuəl /

•

UK / ˈænjuəl /

adjecitve
Happening once a year, or every year
noun
Book (in a series) released each year

case

US / keɪs /

•

UK / kes /

noun
Container used to carry things, e.g. clothes
Set of facts about a crime
Set of facts about an event
Example or instance of something
verb
To find out about a place, as in planning to steal

anyone

US / ˈeniwʌn /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌwʌn, -wən /

pronoun
Any person

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

learner

US / 'lɜ:nə(r) /

•

UK / 'lɜ:rnər /

noun
Someone gaining knowledge or skill through study

mighty

US / 'maɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈmaɪti /

adjecitve
Having great strength or great size
adverb
Very, extremely

proper

US / 'prɒpə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɑpɚ /

adjecitve
Correct according to social or moral rules

lesson

US / 'lesn /

•

UK / ˈlɛsən /

noun
Something done to learn or teach something; class
Wisdom or knowledge received from an experience

conspire

US / kənˈspaɪə(r) /

•

UK / kənˈspaɪr /

verb
To secretly plan with others to commit a crime

anymore

US / 'enɪmɔ: /

•

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

adverb
No longer; no more

divert

US / daɪˈvɜ:t /

•

UK / daɪˈvɜ:rt /

verb
To attract someone's attention from something
To redirect something, such as a river or road
To redirect the use of (goods or money)

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

fire

US / 'faɪə(r) /

•

UK / faɪr /

noun
Heat and the flame produced when burning
Intense energy for or about something
verb
To apply heat to something to make it hard
To make a person leave their job; dismiss
To shoot a gun or weapon
To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
To start working on something e.g. a project

family

US / 'fæməlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfæmli /

noun
Close group of people or organizations
A group of people who are related through blood
Group of related plants or animals

include

US / ɪnˈklu:d /

•

UK / ɪnˈklud /

verb
To make someone, something part of a group

preserve

US / prɪˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / prɪˈzɜ:rv /

noun
Protected area of land with plants and animals
verb
To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
To protect something from harm, loss or damage
To keep or maintain unchanged or perfect

student

US / ˈstju:dnt /

•

UK / ˈstudnt, ˈstjud- /

noun
Person studying at school

physic

US / 'fɪzɪk /

•

UK / 'fɪzɪk /

noun
(Archaic) medicine causing evacuation of the bowels

picket

US / 'pɪkɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɪkɪt /

verb
To petition or complain, often outside a company

calc

US / 'kælk /

•

UK / 'kælk /

crossReference
(used chiefly in geological terms) of lime or calcium.

beneath

US / bɪ'ni:θ /

•

UK / bɪˈniθ /

preposition
Not worthy of you; not good enough for you
Under; In or to a lower position; below

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

needy

US / ˈni:di /

•

UK / ˈnidi /

adjecitve
Poor; without much money

language

US / ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ /

noun
Words or signs used to communicate messages

catch

US / kætʃ /

•

UK / kætʃ, kɛtʃ /

noun
Amount of something that has been caught
Trick or something trying to deceive
verb
To stop something flying and hold it
To stop something and not let it go, e.g. animals
To get sick or get a disease from someone else
To find someone to do something, a task
To get stuck on or in something
To be trapped so you can’t escape
To be able to understand what someone is saying

interesting

US / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ, -tərɪstɪŋ, -təˌrɛstɪŋ /

adjecitve
Taking your attention; making you want to know
verb
To make someone want to know about something
To persuade to do, become involved with something

number

US / ˈnʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnʌmbɚ /

noun
Symbols such as 1, 2, 56, 793
Particular song or dance performed during a show
Total quantity or amount of things
verb
To put numbers on things
To assign a sequence within a group, series, set
To claim to be part of a larger group, series, set

officially

US / əˈfɪʃəli /

•

UK / əˈfɪʃəlɪ /

adverb
According to what is stated by an authority figure

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

solve

US / sɒlv /

•

UK / sɑ:lv /

verb
To figure out a way to handle a difficult problem

winter

US / ˈwɪntə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɪntɚ /

adjecitve
(Food) planted in fall and gathered next year
noun
Time or season of idleness or decay
Coldest season of the year
verb
To spend the cold months at a certain place

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

exciting

US / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ /

adjecitve
Creating interest, happiness or pleasurable fear
verb
To cause a reaction; make active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

dead

US / ded /

•

UK / dɛd /

adjecitve
Not alive
Being bored or not interested
Unable to operate because electricity etc. ran out
Being unable to feel, physically or emotionally
adverb
Completely; absolutely

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

hard

US / hɑ:d /

•

UK / hɑː(r)d /

adjecitve
Difficult to do; difficult to understand
(Of facts) not able to be misunderstood; clear
(Of alcohol) strong
Involving or requiring lots of work, effort, care
Being full of pain, trouble, and problems
Strong
(Of edge) clear; sharp
Difficult to bend, break or cut; solid
adverb
With lots of force, power, or impact

midwestern

US / ˌmɪd'westən /

•

UK / ˌmɪd'westən /

adjecitve
Area between west and east in a country

pool

US / pu:l /

•

UK / pul /

noun
Amount collected, e.g. money, for some purpose
Small body of still water
Game of hitting balls on a table with long sticks
Small area of water for swimming bound by walls
verb
(Of a liquid) to collect into a small area
To make a collection of (resources, money etc.)

chimney

US / 'tʃɪmnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtʃɪmni /

noun
Part of a building through which smoke escapes

load

US / ləʊd /

•

UK / lod /

noun
Large, often heavy, amount of a thing to be moved
A burden; heavy responsibility
Many or much of something; a lot of
Items that fill a truck, machine
verb
To put in items for use (e.g. bullets in a gun)

indiana

US / ˈindiˈænə /

•

UK / ˌɪndiˈænə /

noun
A state in midwestern United States

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

report

US / rɪ'pɔ:t /

•

UK / rɪˈpɔrt, ˈport /

noun
Account of the necessary facts and information
The telling of news in the media
Official statement about something
verb
To submit a report or bill to the government
To write in a newspaper or speak on a news program
To state something officially
To officially present yourself to an authority
To describe something by telling it to others

occasionally

US / əˈkeɪʒnəli /

•

UK / əˈkeɪʒən(ə)li /

adverb
Not very often; sometimes; seldom

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

letter

US / 'letə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlɛtɚ /

noun
One of the 26 parts of the English alphabet
Message you put in an envelope and send by post

somewhere

US / 'sʌmweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌhwɛr, -ˌwɛr /

adverb
At or to an unknown or unnamed place

farm

US / fɑ:m /

•

UK / fɑ:rm /

noun
Land used for growing crops or raising animals
verb
To use land for raising plants or animals for food

head

US / hed /

•

UK / hɛd /

noun
Counter for the number of cattle
Natural mental ability or intelligence
Leader or person with the greatest authority
Mind; mental ability; mental state
Side of a coin with a head on it
Top part of your body with eyes and a mouth
Starting point of something, e.g. a river
verb
To hit a ball with your head in a game
To be first or at the front or top (e.g. a list)
To travel or move toward a particular place; To go in a particular direction
To become the leader of something
To lead or be responsible for something

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

stable

US / 'steɪbl /

•

UK / ˈstebəl /

adjecitve
In a position where something does not fall over
Having a chemical state that is not easily changed
Reacting in an even way; having good mental health
In good condition, and not likely to deteriorate
noun
Group of racing horses that belong to one owner
verb
To put horses in a stable

die

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
verb
To cease to function or work
(Of a thing) to stop being used or done
(Of a person) to stop living

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

land

US / lænd /

•

UK / lænd /

noun
Region or country
Earth; the ground
verb
To arrive or cause a boat to arrive at the shore
To obtain or get something that you wanted
To (cause to) come down to the ground safely
To cause to arrive in a specific place or state

spare

US / speə(r) /

•

UK / spɛr /

adjecitve
Being extra or in reserve
noun
Extra part; something in reserve for replacements
verb
To make (money or time) available for
To save from being hurt or punished
To allow someone not to do something unpleasant

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

soil

US / sɔɪl /

•

UK / sɔɪl /

noun
Conditions in which something develops
Mix of natural material in which plants grow
Land of a certain country
verb
To get or become dirty

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

messy

US / 'mesɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛsi /

adjecitve
Being complex or difficult to fix
Being untidy or dirty

lumber

US / 'lʌmbə(r) /

•

UK / ˈlʌmbɚ /

noun
Pieces of wood cut ready for use in building
verb
To move heavily, slowly, and awkwardly

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

alike

US / əˈlaɪk /

•

UK / əˈlaɪk /

adjecitve
Similar in appearance, manner or form
adverb
Equally; applied equally to several people/things

fence

US / fens /

•

UK / fɛns /

noun
Wood, metal structure enclosing an area, land
verb
To enclose an area (with a wall or boundary)

erode

US / ɪ'rəʊd /

•

UK / ɪˈrod /

verb
To destroy something gradually; be destroyed thus
To wear away gradually by water, ice or wind

hour

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

noun
60 minutes
Particular time of the day
Fixed, regularly occurring time

math

US / mæθ /

•

UK / mæθ /

noun
Study or science of numbers and shapes

stuff

US / stʌf /

•

UK / stʌf /

noun
Generic description for things, materials, objects
verb
To push material inside something, with force

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

breezy

US / ˈbri:zi /

•

UK / ˈbrizi /

adjecitve
Fresh and animated

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

graph

US / græf /

•

UK / ɡræf /

noun
Image expressing numerical data in lines or shapes
verb
To show data using images

news

US / nju:z /

•

UK / nu:z /

noun
Broadcast on radio or TV about recent events
Information about recent events

rebuild

US / ˌri:'bɪld /

•

UK / riˈbɪld /

verb
To get back something that was lost, e.g. trust
To repair something that was damaged or destroyed

struggle

US / 'strʌɡl /

•

UK / ˈstrʌɡəl /

noun
Strong efforts made to do something difficult
verb
To try very hard to do something difficult

shrub

US / ʃrʌb /

•

UK / ʃrʌb /

noun
Leafy plant with woody stems

unclear

US / ˌʌnˈklɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌʌnˈklɪr /

adjecitve
Not easy to understand; not obvious

wrap

US / ræp /

•

UK / ræp /

noun
Piece of clothing worn loosely on the shoulders
Thin bread filled with food and rolled
verb
To be or move around something
To cover something with paper or a cloth e.g. gift

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

hello

US / hə'ləʊ /

•

UK / hɛˈlo, hə- /

exclamation
What you say when you meet someone

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

somalia

US / səuˈmɑ:liə /

•

UK / soˈmɑliə, -ˈmɑljə /

other
A republic in extreme eastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; subject to tribal warfare

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

computer

US / kəmˈpju:tə(r) /

•

UK / kəmˈpjutɚ /

noun
Machine for storing data, accessing the internet

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

Subtitles section

Singapore.

Home of the best airport, chili crab, and… oh wait, wrong one.

Let me restart.

Singapore.

Home of… sand.

Yes, say hello to Singapore, Michigan.

A town so profoundly bad at being a town that it wiped itself off the map and drowned itself in this sand dune by the Kalamazoo River.

Whoops!

How did this happen, and could it happen to just anyone, or only a town as messy as Singapore?

The answer may surprise you, unless you already know a lot about sand dunes, in which case, congrats, I guess.

Our story begins with a man named O'Shea Wilder, a bank, a sawmill, and a dream.

Wilder settled Singapore in the year of his death, just in time for the panic of the year of his death, which put the town on the economic struggle bus from year one.

Nevertheless, it found its footing in the lumber and shipping biz.

At its peak, over three hundred people lived there and shipped out millions of feet of lumber a year, and they had a knack for turning bad news into good news.

In the year of his death, a brutal winter brought a brutal shipwreck, which provided the town enough flour and wine to survive.

In the year of his death, the river knocked their lighthouse down, and they said, great, we don't have to keep a lighthouse anymore.

And in the year of the Fire, when weather and God conspired to burn much of the upper Midwest, including Peshtigo, Holland, Port Huron, Manistee, and most famously, Chicago, Singapore was spared and saw a huge business opportunity in selling their unburnt lumber to rebuild the burned cities.

So, Singapore gets down to business and harvests every single one of their white pine trees, the last good lumber in the region, which turns out to be a huge mistake, and not just because sustainable farming.

Let's look at the Singapore area.

This is where Singapore was, that was the harbor, and there's Lake Michigan.

Over here was forest, that's normal, we don't care about that.

But over here, that was forest.

On top of a sand dune.

Oh my god, Sam, what?

How is that possible?

Kablamo.

Time for dune school.

Today's lesson, coastal sand dunes.

So, not that desert stuff, and not where Zendaya lives.

They're most common by the ocean, but you can also find them along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan—sands forty five hundred years old, reaching heights of up to sixty meters and exciting my riders.

Here's how a dune gets built.

The river carries sand to the lake, and or sand erodes off of a bluff.

The waves carry it to the beach, and when water levels get lower, the sand dries out and winds blow it to the land.

Little plants and things catch it and make it start gathering into a ridge, wind blows more sand up the ridge, and it keeps accumulating on itself until, ta da, dune.

Plants do some of the work to get a dune started, but most of the work to stabilize it—a process the US Army described in a breezy sixty five pages, all of which my writer read.

And no, it's not because I threatened her this time.

She's just very into plants, and when I don't do enough videos about them, she posts my home address on Reddit.

So, here she is attempting to demonstrate this with the nearest sand she could get to.

Plants stabilize a dune in two ways.

One, the part of the plant above ground catches and diverts some of the wind that would otherwise push the dune to and or fro.

Two, the part of the plant below the ground anchors and grips the sand, making it less likely to get eroded away by waves, and also brings down some moisture which makes it harder to blow away with wind.

Plants arrive in a coastal dune in three stages, which follow each other in time, forming one after another, and space, appearing progressively further from the beach.

The first plants to rock up are pioneers—the ones that help start it all, plus other little grasses and things.

As those grow and die, they add fertilizer to the sand underneath them, which makes that sand into soil that can support heavier, needier plants, which arrive in the next era—scrub.

Think shrubs.

Think vines.

Think tiny versions of trees.

The denser these plants are packed in, the more stable the land beneath them, but it's a delicate balance.

If a fire or something takes the plants out, you can't just replant them—you have to work your way back up from the pioneers until the land is ready again.

But if all goes well, you may end up in a dune's third vegetation era—forest.

In the oldest, most interior, most stable parts of the dune, the land has really good soil, and the trees that were mini in the scrub zone can be full sized with super deep root systems.

Dune forest is rare, and in the US, you'll only find it on the Atlantic coast down south, or by the Great Lakes.

Even rarer is dune forest with white pine—a fabulous lumber tree only occasionally appearing down by the Atlantic, but abounding in the Great Lakes scrub when the army made their little report.

Abounding, once upon a time, next to Singapore.

Singapore's pines, it turned out, were the only thing stabilizing the massive sand dunes between the town and Lake Michigan.

So, when they harvested them all, the dunes were defenseless against the mighty winds of the lake—winds that blew all that dune sand into Singapore.

At this point, the town looked around and realized, ooh, we screwed up, and started getting out of there.

A new company bought the big mill and shipped its main parts up to a new mill in the UP.

The townspeople loaded three houses and the bank onto logs and slid them down the frozen Kalamazoo River to Sagatuck, most of which are still in use and raining woodchips on their residents.

The last people to remain were a family living in the town's three story boarding house, who, the story goes, just kept moving to higher floors as the sand piled up.

Once they were living on the third floor, and sand came through the chimney, they abandoned ship too.

By the year of the year, Singapore was officially empty and completely submerged.

And if you think this is an exclusively nineteenth century problem, think again.

Head north of ex Singapore, and you'll find a house eating dune neighbors have pooled money to physically truck back to the beach.

or south to Indiana Dunes National Park, where the sand's encroaching on this building—according to my writer Ben, anyway—or look somewhere like Somalia, where fast moving dunes are eating up coastal towns left, right, and center.

Singapore may be the dumbest example, since they did it to themselves, but they weren't the last people to have to worry about this stuff.

But what of Singapore today?

Well, the site is pretty much just sand and a Singapore was here sign.

We don't know exactly what's underneath, unless they do some proper archaeology.

There could be as many as forty houses preserved in the sand—well, thirty seven—and over the years people have seen bits of the dock and the picket fence around the graveyard.

The future is unclear.

Many a marina, housing development, and golf course have been proposed there, but historians and NIMBYs alike say no thank you, which is Midwestern for over my dead body.

And hey, maybe we shouldn't even care.

But whatever does become of Singapore, let's hope it stays above ground this time.

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