Brazil cabinet hold emergency talks in bid to halt protests
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
test
US / test /
•UK / test /
- noun
- A medical examination
- Action to establish the truth or nature of
- Examination; questions to measure knowledge
- verb
- To be given a medical examination
- To try to establish the truth or nature of
- To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge
well
US / wel /
•UK / wɛl /
- adjecitve
- Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
- Healthy and in good condition
- adverb
- In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
- In a complete, total, or full manner
- A great and considerable degree
- In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
- exclamation
- Used to begin or continue a particular statement
- Used to show you want to start saying something
- Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
- You say this to change the topic of a conversation
- Used to indicate you are making a final remark
- noun
- Long deep hole in the ground to get water
- verb
- To cause your eyes to fill with tears
begin
US / bɪ'ɡɪn /
•UK / ˈbeɡɪn /
- verb
- To do the first part of an action; to start
mass
US / mæs /
•UK / mæs /
- noun
- Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
- Large amount or number of something
- Main or largest part of something
- Large number of people considered as a whole
- Amount of matter that an object has
- verb
- To gather people or things into a large group
define
US / dɪ'faɪn /
•UK / dɪˈfaɪn /
- verb
- To explain the meaning of words
- To set or mark the limits of something
hour
US / 'aʊə(r) /
•UK / aʊr /
- noun
- 60 minutes
- Particular time of the day
- Fixed, regularly occurring time
light
US / laɪt /
•UK / laɪt /
- adjecitve
- Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
- Being pale and lacking darkness of color
- Not heavy; weighing only a little
- adverb
- Carrying few bags when traveling
- noun
- A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
- Way in which something or someone is understood
- verb
- To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
- To provide a way to see ahead
crisis
US / 'kraɪsɪs /
•UK / ˈkraɪsɪs /
- noun
- Unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty
standard
US / 'stændəd /
•UK / ˈstændəd /
- adjecitve
- Being the accepted normal level of quality
- (Of a language) being the most accepted in a place
- noun
- Official unit of measuring something
- Principle of behaving in a moral way
and
US / ənd /
•UK / ənd, ən,ænd /
- conjunction
- Used to refer to two or more things
- Plus; in addition; on top of that
- Used to introduce an action that follows another
back
US / bæk /
•UK / bæk /
- adjecitve
- Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
- adverb
- Have returned to a place you were before
- noun
- The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
- Location at the rear of something
- The reverse of side something
- Area on the rear of your body
- verb
- To bet money on something
- To go backwards in a car
- To support and encourage someone or some cause
less
US / les /
•UK / lɛs /
- adjecitve
- Smaller in amount or degree
- adverb
- To a smaller degree
- noun
- A smaller amount
- preposition
- With the subtraction of
across
US / əˈkrɔs /
•UK / əˈkrɔs,əˈkrɑs /
- adverb
- Distance from one side to another
- (Go) from one side to the other of something
may
US / meɪ /
•UK / me /
- noun
- 5th month of the year
- other
- Used to express a desire
- Expresses permission, possibility or probability
- Used to show that a thing could be true
this
US / ðɪs /
•UK / ðɪs /
- adjecitve
- Used to indicate something already been discussed
- Used to indicate something happening around now
- adverb
- An indication by a physical motion or gesture
- A specific amount of
- determiner
- Person, thing, or idea near you
- pronoun
- Person, thing that has already been discussed
the
US / ðə /
•UK / ðə /
- article
- Used to refer to something already mentioned
- Used to show there is only one of something
- determiner
- Used to describe all of a family
capital
US / 'kæpɪtl /
•UK / ˈkæpɪtl /
- adjecitve
- Main, or major
- noun
- Writing the first letter of a word in big letters
- Official main city of a country, province or state
- Collective name for money, shares, and assets
- Money that is used for a business
one
US / wʌn /
•UK / wʌn /
- pronoun
- You; we; people in general; someone
- The thing or person previously referred to
- adjecitve
- Used to refer to people generally
- Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
- number
- Number 1
root
US / ru:t /
•UK / rut, rʊt /
- noun
- Emotional connection with a place, history etc.
- The origin or starting place of something
- A number that is multiplied by itself
- Part of plant growing underground, as to get water
- Part of tooth, hair etc. from which the rest grows
- Base part of a word to which affixes can be added
- verb
- To cause a plant to develop or grow roots
- (Animals) to search for e.g. food in earth
- To stop someone moving, as through fear
deep
US / di:p /
•UK / dip /
- adjecitve
- Complex and important
- Extreme or intense
- Going far down from the surface
- Low in pitch, as a sound
- adverb
- At a certain distance beneath the surface
level
US / 'levl /
•UK / ˈlɛvəl /
- adjecitve
- (Sports) equal to another
- Being steady and determined (e.g. a voice)
- noun
- Specific height of something
- Amount of ability you have compared to others
- Floor or deck within a building
- Tool used to determine if something is lying flat
- verb
- To aim a gun at someone
- To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
- To make things flat or even
- To make a score equal to another, in sports
clash
US / klæʃ /
•UK / klæʃ /
- noun
- A conflict; disagreement
- verb
- To have a disagreement or fight over something
- (Of colors) to not suit or match appealingly
run
US / rʌn /
•UK / rʌn /
- noun
- Journey between two places made by ship or car
- Series of similar things or successes and failures
- Act of running; exercise of running
- verb
- To depart or travel according to a schedule
- To cause an animal to move in a certain direction
- (Of an engine) to be operating
- To start or use a computer program
- To flow in a certain direction, like a liquid
- To manage or operate a business
- To operate or drive something
- (Of a road) to go from one place to another
- To move your legs faster than walking
make
US / meɪk /
•UK / mek /
- noun
- Product made by a particular company; brand
- verb
- To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
- To get to (a place) on time
- To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
- To create something by putting things together
- To earn a certain amount of money at a job
- To cause or force a person to do something
- To cause something to happen or be formed
bad
US / bæd /
•UK / bæd /
- adjecitve
- Not good; wrong
- Lacking in good morals; evil
- No longer fresh; spoiled
hall
US / hɔ:l /
•UK / hɔl /
- noun
- Area just inside the entrance of a building
- Large room/building for public events/gatherings
- Large, impressive older home
- Part of the name of a building
brazilian
US / brəˈzɪliən /
•UK / brəˈzɪliən /
- adjecitve
- Concerning the culture and people of Brazil
- noun
- Person from Brazil
end
US / end /
•UK / ɛnd /
- noun
- The point where a process or activity stops
- A point that marks the limit of something; finish
- Goal or desired result
- The tip, edge or limit of something
- verb
- To be the last part of something
federal
US / 'fedərəl /
•UK / ˈfɛdərəl, ˈfɛdrəl /
- adjecitve
- Consisting of several united states
world
US / wɜ:ld /
•UK / wɜrld /
- noun
- All the humans, events, activities on the earth
- Political division due to some kind of similarity
government
US / ˈgʌvənmənt /
•UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /
- noun
- Group of people and system that rule a nation
with
US / wɪð /
•UK / wɪð, wɪθ /
- preposition
- As an employee of a certain company
- Against something or someone
- By using something as a means
- Due to; because of
- Including
- Possessing as a feature
- Related to
- (Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
- Used to express that people or things are together
health
US / helθ /
•UK / hɛlθ /
- noun
- (Person, company) being in a good condition; well
people
US / 'pi:pl /
•UK / ˈpipəl /
- noun
- Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
- Men, Women, Children
like
US / laɪk /
•UK / laɪk /
- adjecitve
- Being equal in status or kind to something else
- Similar; the same
- adverb
- For example
- preposition
- Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
- In a way similar to the way something is done
- Such as; for example
- verb
- To want to
- To find something pleasing; to prefer something
that
US / ðæt /
•UK / ðæt, ðət /
- adjecitve
- The person or thing being talked about
- Used to identify something both the speakers know
- adverb
- Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
- To such a degree
- conjunction
- Used to connect a noun clause
- Used to introduce an adverbial clause
- Used to introduce a noun clause
- determiner
- Used as a noun to refer to something
- pronoun
- Referring an object far away
- Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’
reaction
US / rɪ'ækʃn /
•UK / riˈækʃən /
- noun
- Bodily response to a drug or something eaten
- Feeling or action in response to something
week
US / wi:k /
•UK / wik /
- noun
- Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday
fire
US / 'faɪə(r) /
•UK / faɪr /
- noun
- Heat and the flame produced when burning
- Intense energy for or about something
- verb
- To apply heat to something to make it hard
- To make a person leave their job; dismiss
- To shoot a gun or weapon
- To launch something into the sky, e.g. a rocket
- To start working on something e.g. a project
force
US / fɔ:s /
•UK / fɔrs, fors /
- noun
- Group of persons trained for military action; army
- Pressure; attraction
- The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
- verb
- To use physical strength or violence to persuade
student
US / ˈstju:dnt /
•UK / ˈstudnt, ˈstjud- /
- noun
- Person studying at school
president
US / ˈprezɪdənt /
•UK / ˈprɛzɪdənt,-ˌdɛnt /
- noun
- Person in charge of a country, or organization
right
US / raɪt /
•UK / raɪt /
- adjecitve
- Correct or true
- The south side of you looking at the rising sun
- adverb
- Exactly in a place or time
- Being appropriate for a particular event
- In a straight or direct manner
- noun
- Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
- Ideal of what is just and good
- Political view based on conservatism
- verb
- To fix something previously wrong or unjust
- To make upright, as a boat that has turned over
she
US / ʃɪ /
•UK / ʃi /
- pronoun
- Female person or animal mentioned before
- (Refers to female person mentioned before)
education
US / ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn /
•UK / ˌɛdʒəˈkeʃən /
- noun
- Academic field studying the practice of teaching
- Process of giving or receiving teaching
city
US / 'sɪtɪ /
•UK / ˈsɪti /
- noun
- Area with many buildings, roads and people
bullet
US / 'bʊlɪt /
•UK / ˈbʊlɪt /
- noun
- Metal object fired from a gun
- Dot at the beginning of each line in a list
find
US / faɪnd /
•UK / faɪnd /
- noun
- Object discovered by chance
- Things that have been discovered from searching
- verb
- To become aware of something that is happening
- To discover or meet by chance
- To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
- To learn through study, research, or effort
- To discover something by looking for it
fare
US / feə(r) /
•UK / fer /
- noun
- Money people pay to travel on buses, taxis, boats
- Kind of food
- verb
- To perform well or poorly
fund
US / fʌnd /
•UK / fʌnd /
- noun
- Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
- A specific account into which you put money
- verb
- To supply money for something
soar
US / sɔ:(r) /
•UK / sɔr, sor /
- verb
- (Of prices, etc.) to increase a lot in a short time
- To fly or rise high in the air
maybe
US / ˈmeɪbi /
•UK / ˈmebi /
- adverb
- Possibly but not certainly; perhaps
very
US / 'verɪ /
•UK / ˈvɛri /
- adjecitve
- Concerning a large degree or amount
- adverb
- A lot; much; many
- Used to stress or emphasize a noun
building
US / ˈbɪldɪŋ /
•UK / ˈbɪldɪŋ /
- noun
- A structure with a roof and walls, e.g. a house
- verb
- To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
- To construct a house, office, factory
all
US / ɔ:l /
•UK / ɔl /
- adverb
- Completely; totally
- determiner
- Being every one of something
- pronoun
- 100% of something; the complete amount
drop
US / drɒp /
•UK / drɑp /
- noun
- Distance between a higher and a lower level
- Act of letting something fall (from your hand)
- A decrease in quantity or quality; reduction
- Tiny amount of liquid, with rounded bottom
- verb
- To drive someone to a place and then drive away
- To let something fall from your hand
- To fall or lie down quickly, as when shot
- To decide to stop something e.g. a course)
- To (cause to) reduce in quantity or quality
its
US / ɪts /
•UK / ɪts /
- adjecitve
- Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
- determiner
- Of something; belonging or related to something
- other
- Possessive form of “it”
journey
US / 'dʒɜ:nɪ /
•UK / ˈdʒɚni /
- noun
- Act of traveling from one place to another; trip
- verb
- To travel through a place
cup
US / kʌp /
•UK / kʌp /
- noun
- Small round container used for drinking
- Silver trophy teams compete to win
- Unit of measurement for foods or liquids
- verb
- To make the shape of a bowl with your hands
change
US / tʃeɪndʒ /
•UK / tʃendʒ /
- noun
- Exchange of one set of clothes for another
- Money in the form of coins instead of paper
- Money returned after giving too much
- Act of making or becoming something else
- verb
- To exchange one set of clothes for another
- To exchange one kind of money for another
- To replace something with another thing
- To make or become something else
- To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another
police
US / pəˈli:s /
•UK / pəˈlis /
- adjecitve
- Concerning the police and its business
- noun
- People, often in uniforms, who solve crimes
- verb
- To control an area, or group with a police force
mayhem
US / ˈmeɪhem /
•UK / ˈmeˌhɛm /
- noun
- Scene or situation that involves much violence
possible
US / ˈpɒsəbl /
•UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /
- adjecitve
- Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
- Having a chance of happening, or being true
country
US / ˈkʌntri /
•UK / ˈkʌntri /
- noun
- An area of land that is controlled by a government
- Open land that is away from towns and cities
general
US / 'dʒenrəl /
•UK / ˈdʒɛnərəl /
- adjecitve
- Widespread, normal or usual
- noun
- Top ranked officer in the army
apt
US / æpt /
•UK / æpt /
- adjecitve
- Likely or having a tendency to act a certain way
- Being relevant or accurate
their
US / ðɛː /
•UK / ðer /
- determiner
- Belonging to them
age
US / eɪdʒ /
•UK / edʒ /
- verb
- To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
- To get older
- noun
- Period of time in history
- Number of years a person or thing has lived
corruption
US / kəˈrʌpʃn /
•UK / kəˈrʌpʃən /
- noun
- State of being damaged or spoiled
- Illegal, immoral dishonesty
demonstrator
US / ˈdemənstreɪtə(r) /
•UK / ˈdɛmənˌstretɚ /
- noun
- Person who shows how something works e.g. product
lurch
US / lɜ:tʃ /
•UK / lɜ:rtʃ /
- noun
- A sudden forward movement
- verb
- To suddenly move forward
- To make an abrupt sudden movement
should
US / ʃʊd /
•UK / ʃʊd /
- other
- Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable
always
US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /
•UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /
- adverb
- For a very long time
- At all times; in every situation
- For ever
deploy
US / dɪˈplɔɪ /
•UK / dɪˈplɔɪ /
- verb
- To put into position (often a military operation)
swarm
US / swɔ:m /
•UK / swɔrm /
- noun
- Large group of flying insects moving together
- (Of people) large group of people acting as one
- verb
- (Of bees) to form a group and leave the bee hive
- (Of people) to form a crowd and move together
million
US / ˈmɪljən /
•UK / ˈmɪljən /
- number
- 1,000,000
violence
US / ˈvaɪələns /
•UK / ˈvaɪələns /
- noun
- Strong physical force of nature
- Use of physical force to harm someone
marvellous
US / ˈmɑ:vələs /
•UK / ˈmɑːrvələs /
- adjecitve
- Extraordinarily good or great
violent
US / ˈvaɪələnt /
•UK / ˈvaɪələnt /
- adjecitve
- Done with force; likely to produce physical damage
brasilia
US / brəˈzɪlɪə /
•UK / brəˈzɪljə /
- proper noun
- The capital, since 1960, of Brazil; population 2,455,903 (2007). Designed by Lúcio Costa in 1956, th
obliging
US / əˈblaɪdʒɪŋ /
•UK / əˈblaɪdʒɪŋ /
- verb
- To do something that has been requested of you
strike
US / straɪk /
•UK / straɪk /
- noun
- A punch or hit
- Fact of not hitting the ball when playing baseball
- Refusal to work to get more pay, protest something
- verb
- To hit something
- To suddenly become (e.g. rich)
- To have an idea occur to you
confederation
US / kənˌfedəˈreɪʃn /
•UK / kənˌfɛdəˈreʃən /
- noun
- Union of political organizations
for
US / fə(r) /
•UK / fɔr,fə /
- preposition
- Used to show the purpose, or need of something
dollar
US / ˈdɒlə(r) /
•UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /
- noun
- A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent
billion
US / ˈbɪljən /
•UK / ˈbɪljən /
- noun
- Number 1,000,000,000
between
US / bɪˈtwi:n /
•UK / bɪˈtwin /
- preposition
- From one person, thing, or place, to another
- In the space that separates two objects
- Among two or more people who share something
now
US / naʊ /
•UK / naʊ /
- adverb
- At the present time or moment
- Right away or in the next possible moment
- Used to refer to something that just happened
- Time between the present and a moment in the past
- conjunction
- Resulting from or because of something
would
US / wʊd /
•UK / wʊd /
- other
- Used to indicate something imagined
- Used to ask or request something politely
- Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
- Used to indicate a preference
- Used to indicate a reaction
- Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
- Used to indicate willingness or ability to do
but
US / bət /
•UK / bʌt,bət /
- conjunction
- Used before you say something different, opposite
yet
US / jet /
•UK / jɛt /
- adverb
- At a later time (used after ‘not’)
- (Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
- Eventually; at a future time
- Until now; up to the present
- conjunction
- Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast
usually
US / ˈju:ʒuəli /
•UK / ˈjuːʒuəli /
- adverb
- Normally; regularly
rubber
US / 'rʌbə(r) /
•UK / ˈrʌbɚ /
- noun
- Material used to make tires, etc.
janeiro
US / dʒəˈnɪərəʊ /
•UK / dʒəˈnɛˌroʊ /
peaceful
US / ˈpi:sfl /
•UK / ˈpisfəl /
- adjecitve
- In a calm and quiet state
- Being unlikely or unwilling to act violently
see
US / si: /
•UK / si /
- verb
- To go on a date with someone
- To predict whether something is, or will be true
- To understand what someone says
- To use your eyes to look at something
- To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
- To visit or meet with someone
- To find out by waiting or looking
- To watch (a game, movie or TV show)
moment
US / 'məʊmənt /
•UK / 'moʊmənt /
- noun
- Very short or brief period of time
- A particular period in time
know
US / nəʊ /
•UK / noʊ /
- verb
- To be familiar with a person or place, thing
- To feel sure or be convinced about something
- To discover or be aware of something
- To be able to distinguish
- To have knowledge of things
grievance
US / ˈgri:vəns /
•UK / ˈɡrivəns /
- noun
- Feeling of being treated unfairly
enjoy
US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /
•UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /
- verb
- To take pleasure in something
widespread
US / ˈwaɪdspred /
•UK / ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd /
- adjecitve
- Happening or existing in many places
standoff
US / 'stændɔ:f /
•UK / ˈstændˌɔf, -ˌɑf /
- noun
- a situation in which no agreement can be reached
ironically
US / aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ /
•UK / aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ /
increase
US / ɪn'kri:s /
•UK / ɪnˈkris /
- noun
- Fact of increasing; amount something grows by
- verb
- To make or become larger in size or amount
part
US / pɑ:t /
•UK / pɑ:rt /
- adjecitve
- To some degree; half; not fully
- noun
- Division of a book
- Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
- A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
- Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
- Some, but not all of a specific thing
- Role in causing something to happen
- verb
- To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
- To move two things apart creating a space
- To leave someone, or to break off a relationship
last
US / lɑ:st /
•UK / læst /
- adjecitve
- Most recent; the latest
- The one before
- adverb
- Final; with nothing following; after all others
- Most recent; the latest
- determiner
- The one at the end
- verb
- To remain or continue for a certain period of time
have
US / həv /
•UK / hæv /
- verb
- To drink, smoke, eat or use something
- To experience the effects of something
- To organize an event, or join in an activity
- To own, possess, or hold something
- To cause to happen or produce a particular effect
next
US / nekst /
•UK / nɛkst /
- adverb
- The one that follows another in time or order
- At a time or place directly after the present one
- noun
- The one that follows after
- adjecitve
- Immediately after the previous one
- First occurrence after the present one
year
US / jə: /
•UK / jɪr /
- noun
- Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
- Used to refer to the age of a person
reverse
US / rɪ'vɜ:s /
•UK / rɪˈvɚs /
- noun
- Setting that makes the vehicle go backward
- (Drive a vehicle) backward gear of a vehicle
- Instance of a significant change, for the worse
- In a backwards order
- Back part or side of something
- verb
- To drive a vehicle backward
- To change to an opposite state, way or condition
- To change back to a previous or normal condition
- To change something to its opposite
attempt
US / ə'tempt /
•UK / əˈtɛmpt /
- noun
- Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
- verb
- To try to do something challenging or difficult
transport
US / ˈtrænspɔ:t /
•UK / ˈtrænspɔ:rt /
- noun
- Very strong uncontrollable emotion, e.g. delight
- Vehicle used to take soldiers to other places
- verb
- To carry things from one place to another
- To cause to feel you are in a previous time
two
US / tu: /
•UK / tu /
- number
- 2
normally
US / ˈnɔ:məli /
•UK / ˈnɔːrməli /
- adverb
- In the manner that is usual or ordinary
far
US / fɑ:(r) /
•UK / fɑr /
- adjecitve
- A long way away
- Being a long way away
- adverb
- To a large degree or extent
majority
US / mə'dʒɒrətɪ /
•UK / məˈdʒɔrɪti, -ˈdʒɑr- /
- noun
- Amount that is more than half of a group
praise
US / preɪz /
•UK / preɪz /
- noun
- Expression of approval of something/someone
- Expression of thanks, respect, and love
- verb
- To express approval of something or someone
- To express thanks, respect, and love
most
US / məʊst /
•UK / most /
- adverb
- Very; extremely
- Greatest possible degree
- pronoun
- Nearly all of something
drift
US / drɪft /
•UK / drɪft /
- verb
- (Of sand, etc.) to be blown into heaps by the wind
- (Of boats) to move without purpose on water
- To move or live without a purpose or goal
- To move slowly or effortlessly in water or air
come
US / kʌm /
•UK / kʌm /
- verb
- To arrive at a place
- (Of mail) to be delivered
- To move toward someone; go with someone
- To reach a certain point or state
issue
US / 'ɪʃu: /
•UK / ˈɪʃu /
- noun
- Important topic discussed, debated or argued over
- Single edition of a magazine
- verb
- To make something available to be used or sold
- To deliver a statement, etc. in an official manner
battle
US / 'bætl /
•UK / ˈbætl /
- noun
- Military fight between armies
- Working hard to stop something; struggle
- verb
- To fight or struggle against someone or something
- To work hard to stop something; struggle
from
US / frəm /
•UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /
- preposition
- Starting at a particular place, time or level
crime
US / kraɪm /
•UK / kraɪm /
- noun
- Act that is believed to be a mistake or foolish
- Act that is against the law; murder, theft etc.
through
US / θru: /
•UK / θru /
- adjecitve
- having finished using or doing something
- adverb
- From the beginning of something until the end
- preposition
- Over, in, across an entire thing or place
- Allowing you to pass between, or to
- By a particular way or process; by the use of
herself
US / hɜ:ˈself /
•UK / hɚˈsɛlf /
- pronoun
- Female person that did the original action