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Why Seeing Eye Dogs Are So Expensive To Breed And Train | So Expensive | Business Insider

Original YouTube Video | InsiderBusiness Published on 2024-03-23 Level：86 Speed：55 maxwordlevel：18

Video vocabulary

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

melissa

US / məˈlɪsə /

•

UK / məˈlɪsə /

noun
A genus of Old World mints of the family Labiatae

ninety

US / 'naɪntɪ /

•

UK / ˈnaɪnti /

number
90

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

moment

US / 'məʊmənt /

•

UK / 'moʊmənt /

noun
Very short or brief period of time
A particular period in time

sunglass

US / 'sʌnglɑ:s /

•

UK / 'sʌnˌglɑ:s /

noun
Dark glasses worn when it is too bright
Convex lens that focuses the rays of the sun

slightly

US / ˈslaɪtli /

•

UK / ˈslaɪtli /

adverb
Only a little

wear

US / weə(r) /

•

UK / wer /

noun
Clothing designed for a purpose e.g. skiing
Damage from continual use over a long period
verb
To have clothes, glasses, shoes etc. on your body
To display an expression or emotion on the face
To become weaker or damaged from continued use

unconscious

US / ʌnˈkɒnʃəs /

•

UK / ʌnˈkɑnʃəs /

adjecitve
Not aware of what is going on around you
Not being deliberate or on purpose

adventure

US / əd'ventʃə(r) /

•

UK / ædˈvɛntʃɚ /

noun
An exciting and often dangerous experience
verb
To have an exciting or dangerous experience

feed

US / fi:d /

•

UK / fid /

noun
Food given to animals
verb
To give food, e.g. to animals or a baby
To push something through an opening
To provide necessary supplies to

challenge

US / 'tʃælɪndʒ /

•

UK / ˈtʃæləndʒ /

noun
An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
Act of formally inviting someone to compete
A question to determine correctness of something
verb
To formally invite someone to compete at something
To question the correctness of something

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

lifelong

US / ˈlaɪflɒŋ /

•

UK / ˈlaɪflɔ:ŋ /

adjecitve
Continuing through life; lasting a long time

month

US / mʌnθ /

•

UK / mʌnθ /

noun
One of 12 28-31 day periods in the year

obstacle

US / ˈɒbstəkl /

•

UK / ˈɑbstəkəl /

noun
Object that blocks a path or course

hundred

US / 'hʌndrəd /

•

UK / ˈhʌndrɪd /

number
100

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

bear

US / bɛː /

•

UK / bɛr /

noun
Large brown animal with fur that lives in forests
Someone who expects stock market to fall
verb
To accept (responsibilities or duties)
To give birth to a child; to produce fruit
To accept or suffer the weight of difficulties
To keep moving left or right while going forward
To show (sign of something)
To support the weight of something, e.g. a bridge

quickly

US / ˈkwɪkli /

•

UK / ˈkwɪklɪ /

adverb
Without taking a lot of time; fast

raise

US / reɪz /

•

UK / rez /

noun
Increase in a bet above another when playing cards
Pay increase
verb
To increase a bet above another when playing cards
To gather donations for a cause or charity
To bring up and educate a child to maturity
To bring a dead person to life
To increase a quantity, size, intensity or price
To lift (e.g. your hand) to a higher position
To mention a topic /issue for discussion; bring up
To increase (salary, etc.)
To grow or care for plants or animals

senior

US / 'si:nɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsinjɚ /

adjecitve
Being older than another person
Concerning the needs or activities of older people
(Student) in the final year of school
noun
Person who has usually reached a specific old age
Person who is older than someone else
Person with higher status or authority than
Student who is in the final year of school

tea

US / ti: /

•

UK / ti /

noun
A full meal eaten around 5-7 p.m (in the UK)
Drink made when you put dried leaves in hot water
Snack with a hot drink and cake, in the afternoon

day

US / deɪ /

•

UK / de /

noun
A period of 24 hours beginning at midnight
The period of time when it is light outside
Person's name

certain

US / ˈsə:tn /

•

UK / ˈsɚtn /

adjecitve
Definite, fixed
Referring to an unspecified amount or quantity
Being sure about something; without doubt

eradicate

US / ɪˈrædɪkeɪt /

•

UK / ɪˈrædɪˌket /

verb
To remove or destroy something completely

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

skill

US / skɪl /

•

UK / skɪl /

noun
Ability to do something well

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

director

US / də'rektə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛktɚ, daɪ- /

noun
Senior person who manages part of an organization
Person who controls the acting in a movie or play

encounter

US / ɪn'kaʊntə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈkaʊntɚ /

noun
A chance meeting; unexpected or unplanned meeting
verb
To come up against a problem or trouble; meet
To meet someone or something unexpectedly

follow

US / ˈfɔləu /

•

UK / ˈfɑlo /

verb
To come after someone; be guided by someone
To support someone, e.g. singer or comedian
To be the logical result of something
To happen after something else happens
To believe a set of values or a moral teacher
To understand something happening or being said

goal

US / ɡəʊl /

•

UK / ɡol /

noun
Something you try to do or achieve; an aim
(Sports) net into which you put a ball to score
(Sports) act of scoring by putting a ball in a net

less

US / les /

•

UK / lɛs /

adjecitve
Smaller in amount or degree
adverb
To a smaller degree
noun
A smaller amount
preposition
With the subtraction of

specific

US / spəˈsɪfɪk /

•

UK / spɪˈsɪfɪk /

adjecitve
Precise; particular; just about that thing
Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing

sliver

US / 'slɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈslɪvɚ /

noun
Thin, often long piece of something, e.g. cheese

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

hopefully

US / ˈhəʊpfəli /

•

UK / ˈhopfəli /

adverb
In a manner wishing something to happen

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

socialization

US / ˌsəʊʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌsoʊʃələˈzeɪʃn /

noun
Process by which people are taught to behave

appropriate

US / ə'prəʊprɪət /

•

UK / əˈpropriɪt /

adjecitve
Right or suitable for some situation or purpose
verb
To set aside money for a specific later purpose
To take (money or goods) without permission

approximately

US / əˈprɒksɪmətli /

•

UK / əˈprɑksəmɪtlɪ /

adverb
Around; nearly; almost; about (a number)

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

cross

US / krɒs /

•

UK / krɔs, krɑs /

adjecitve
Angry and upset
From one side of something to the other
noun
(Of animals) mixture of breeds in one animal
Person's name
verb
To put one thing over another e.g. arms
To breed one type of animal or plant with another
To not to agree with someone; oppose
To go from one side of something to the other
To meet at one point

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

trait

US / treɪt /

•

UK / tret /

noun
A particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behavior

wonderful

US / ˈwʌndəfl /

•

UK / 'wʌndərfl /

adjecitve
Producing feelings of enjoyment or delight

understandable

US / ˌʌndəˈstændəbl /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstændəbəl /

adjecitve
Able to be understood; intelligible
Which would be reasonable in the circumstances

ancestry

US / ˈænsestri /

•

UK / ˈænˌsɛstri /

noun
Family or race from which a person is descended

adopt

US / əˈdɒpt /

•

UK / əˈdɑ:pt /

verb
To legally take a child into your family
To take on responsibility for something

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

guide

US / ɡaɪd /

•

UK / ɡaɪd /

noun
Book or a magazine containing information/advice
Person leading others visiting an unknown place
verb
To help or advise someone about something
To control missile to hit a target by radio signal
To lead people visiting a new or unknown place

prepare

US / prɪˈpeə(r) /

•

UK / prɪˈper /

verb
To make something ready for use

react

US / rɪ'ækt /

•

UK / riˈækt /

verb
To change when mixing with other chemicals
To behave or make a change in a particular way

real

US / rɪəl /

•

UK / ˈriəl, ril /

adjecitve
Actually existing or happening, not imagined
Being important or special

completely

US / kəmˈpli:tli /

•

UK / kəmˈpliːtli /

adverb
In every way or as much as possible

brand

US / brænd /

•

UK / brænd /

noun
A mark burned on an animal to show who owns it
Product made or designed by a named company
verb
To burn a mark on an animal to show who owns it
To describe someone as a liar, coward, etc.
To give a famous name to a product or service

front

US / frʌnt /

•

UK / frʌnt /

adjecitve
Opposite of back; the forward part of an object
noun
Behavior not showing a person's true feelings
Area where fighting in a war is happening
Place where air of different temperatures meets
verb
To have the forward part facing something
To lead a group of people, usually a band

illness

US / ˈɪlnəs /

•

UK / ˈɪlnɪs /

noun
Unhealthy condition of the mind or body

ferry

US / 'ferɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɛri /

noun
Passenger boat on a regular schedule
verb
To take from one place to another, as by boat

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

multiple

US / ˈmʌltɪpl /

•

UK / ˈmʌltəpəl /

adjecitve
Having or involving more than one of something
noun
Number produced by multiplying a smaller number
Shop with many branches

distract

US / dɪ'strækt /

•

UK / dɪˈstrækt /

verb
To draw someone's attention away from something

disobedience

US / ˌdɪsəˈbi:diəns /

•

UK / ˌdɪsəˈbidiəns /

noun
Doing what is not following the rules

blindness

US / 'blaɪndnəs /

•

UK / ˈblaɪndnɪs /

noun
State of being blind or lacking sight

advance

US / əd'vɑ:ns /

•

UK / ædˈvæns /

noun
Forward movement by an army
An attempt to seduce someone
verb
(Of an army) to move forward
To change or improve
To increase in price or value
To move forward in a certain direction
To try to seduce someone

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

receive

US / rɪ'si:v /

•

UK / rɪˈsiv /

verb
To get something someone has given or sent to you
To allow someone to become a member (of a club)
To welcome someone as a guest into your home
To respond to (e.g. news) in a particular way

person

US / 'pɜ:sn /

•

UK / 'pɜ:rsn /

noun
Man, woman or child

luna

US / ˈlu:nə /

•

UK / ˈlunə /

proper noun
A series of Soviet moon probes launched in 1959–76. They made the first hard and soft landings on th

let

US / let /

•

UK / lɛt /

verb
To allow someone to do something
Introducing a suggestion to do something together
To rent a house, etc. to others

lead

US / li:d /

•

UK / lid /

adjecitve
Being the main part in movies or plays
noun
Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
Information that could help to solve a crime
Main part in a play or movie
Heavy, gray metal element
Rope used to tie something to stop it escaping
Act of being at the front in a race or game
verb
To show the way or guide others
To be at the front of a race or game
To travel in front of; go in advance of others

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

turn

US / tɜ:n /

•

UK / tɚn /

noun
Place where changing of direction happens
Your time or chance to perform a duty
Your chance to play or do in say a game
Unexpected change, as in the weather
verb
To become (a particular age)
To become a different quality, color, etc.
To change the direction of something, e.g. a car
To move in an opposite direction or position
To shape metal with a spinning tool

settle

US / 'setl /

•

UK / ˈsɛtl /

noun
Type of wooden seat
verb
To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
To complete or finalize e.g. a contract or debt
To end some troubles by reaching an agreement
To become accustomed to a new environment
(Of liquids) to move to the bottom of a container

pull

US / pʊl /

•

UK / pʊl /

noun
Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
Force something has that draws other things to it
Using your hands to move something to you
verb
To breathe in smoke, as from a pipe
To hold something and move it toward you
To remove something by force

maximize

US / ˈmæksɪmaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæksəˌmaɪz /

verb
To make as large or great as possible

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

forward

US / 'fɔ:wəd /

•

UK / ˈfɔrwəd /

adjecitve
Toward what is ahead; in front
Acting in a socially aggressive manner; pushy
adverb
Toward the front in place; in front
Toward a future time; to a more advanced state
verb
To send something to another address or person

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

treat

US / tri:t /

•

UK / trit /

noun
Something you buy for others as a surprise present
something that tastes good and that is not eaten often
verb
To pay for the food or enjoyment of someone else
To use medical methods to try to cure an illness
To act in a certain way toward someone

thunderstorm

US / 'θʌndəstɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈθʌndɚˌstɔrm /

noun
Storm with heavy rain with thunder and lightning

overhead

US / ˌəʊvəˈhed /

•

UK / ˌoʊvərˈhed /

adjecitve
Located above your head or in the sky
Above a person's head or in the sky
noun
Regular and necessary cost, such as rent and heat

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

outside

US / ˌaʊtˈsaɪd /

•

UK / aʊtˈsaɪd, ˈaʊtˌsaɪd /

adverb
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing
noun
Area around or near something, such as a building
preposition
Beyond the limits or edges of some place, thing

loose

US / lu:s /

•

UK / lus /

adjecitve
(Idea, thought, or work) unclear or imprecise
Not tightly attached or held
Not being attached to or contained within anything
Not tightly controlled, organized, or governed
verb
To shoot or fire something from a gun

average

US / 'ævərɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Typical or normal; usual; ordinary
noun
Total of numbers divided by the number of items
verb
To add numbers then divide by the number of items

aspect

US / 'æspekt /

•

UK / ˈæspɛkt /

noun
Way something looks or seems to be
An element, feature, or quality of something

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

mobile

US / 'məʊbaɪl /

•

UK / ˈmoʊbl /

adjecitve
Able to be moved or able to move
noun
Personal phone you take with you wherever you go

program

US / 'prəʊɡræm /

•

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

noun
Small book of events in a play, concert or movie
A plan or schedule of events
Series of classes at a college or university
A computer application
TV show
verb
To make someone act or think in a certain way
To write computer code for a piece of software

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

labrador

US / 'læbrədɔ:(r) /

•

UK / 'læbrədɔ:r /

noun
A retriever of a breed that predominantly has a black or yellow coat, widely used as a gun dog or as
proper noun
A coastal region of eastern Canada, which forms the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland an

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

purposefully

US / 'pɜ:pəsfəlɪ /

•

UK / 'pɜ:pəsfəlɪ /

adverb
In a determined manner

playroom

US / ˈpleɪruːm /

•

UK / ˈpleɪruːm /

noun
Recreation room for children's play

opposite

US / ˈɔpəzit /

•

UK / ˈɑpəzɪt /

adjecitve
Being totally different from
noun
Person, thing that is totally different to another
preposition
Across from or on the side facing something

instruction

US / ɪn'strʌkʃn /

•

UK / ɪnˈstrʌkʃən /

noun
A command for someone formally to do something
Act of teaching or explaining to others
Information about how to do or use something

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

genetic

US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

•

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

funny

US / ˈfʌni /

•

UK / ˈfʌni /

adjecitve
Causing laughter; amusing
Being different, odd or strange

essential

US / ɪ'senʃl /

•

UK / ɪˈsɛnʃəl /

adjecitve
Extremely or most important and necessary

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

mutation

US / mju:'teɪʃn /

•

UK / mjuˈteʃən /

noun
Change that changes genetic structure

kind

US / kaɪnd /

•

UK / kaɪnd /

adjecitve
In a caring and helpful manner
friendly and considerate
noun
One type of thing

handler

US / 'hændlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈhændlɚ /

noun
Person who trains or exhibits animals

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

five

US / faɪv /

•

UK / faɪv /

number
5

firmly

US / ˈfɜ:mli /

•

UK / ˈfə:mlɪ /

adverb
In a hard, steady, unchanging way

attempt

US / ə'tempt /

•

UK / əˈtɛmpt /

noun
Effort made to try to do or accomplish something
verb
To try to do something challenging or difficult

wag

US / wæɡ /

•

UK / wæɡ /

verb
To move side to side or up and down repetitively

should

US / ʃʊd /

•

UK / ʃʊd /

other
Used to indicate what is proper or reasonable

sort

US / sɔ:t /

•

UK / sɔrt /

noun
Group or class of similar things or people
verb
To organize things by putting them into groups
To deal with things in an organized way

cane

US / keɪn /

•

UK / ken /

noun
Stick used to beat someone as punishment
Long, woody plant stem producing sugar
Stick someone who has trouble walking uses to walk
verb
To beat someone with a stick as punishment

detector

US / dɪˈtektə(r) /

•

UK / dɪˈtɛktɚ /

noun
Device that receives a signal and responds to it

dizzy

US / ˈdɪzi /

•

UK / ˈdɪzi /

adjecitve
Feeling light-headed and as if you might fall
verb
To act in a giddy light-headed manner

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

widely

US / ˈwaɪdli /

•

UK / ˈwaɪdlɪ /

adverb
To a large degree; over a large range
By or among a large number of people

walk

US / wɔ:k /

•

UK / wɔk /

noun
Journey on foot done for pleasure or exercise
verb
To move with your legs at a slowish pace

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

ideal

US / aɪˈdi:əl /

•

UK / aɪˈdiəl, aɪˈdil /

adjecitve
Exactly right; could not be better
Which is thought of as being perfect

bond

US / bɒnd /

•

UK / bɑnd /

noun
Rope, chain or other thing used to tie someone up
Closeness that is shared between people or groups
Loan that a government must buy back by a set date
Written agreement to pay back borrowed money
Joint or connection, often using glue
verb
To develop a close relationship with
To become joined or connected, e.g. using glue

rid

US / rɪd /

•

UK / rɪd /

verb
To cause to no longer have (pest, problem)

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

tom

US / tɔm /

•

UK / tɑm /

noun
Male cat
other
(Ethnic slur) Offensive and derogatory name for a Black man who is abjectly servile and deferential

side

US / saɪd /

•

UK / saɪd /

adjecitve
In addition to the central or most important thing
Next to, or very close to, the right or left of
noun
Position or opinion that is opposite to another
Right or left part of a person's body
Feature of someone's personality
Straight edge of an object
One of two or more groups fighting each other
verb
To decide to agree with one point, not the other

sean

US / ʃɔ:n /

•

UK / ʃɔ:n /

himself

US / hɪmˈself /

•

UK / hɪmˈsɛlf /

pronoun
The same (male) person who did the action

healthy

US / ˈhelθi /

•

UK / ˈhɛlθi /

adjecitve
In good condition physically, or financially; well

canine

US / ˈkeɪnaɪn /

•

UK / ˈkenaɪn /

adjecitve
of or relating to dogs
noun
Long, pointed tooth
a dog

feel

US / fi:l /

•

UK / fil /

verb
To be aware of or experience an emotion, sensation
To sense through direct contact; touch

concern

US / kənˈsɜ:n /

•

UK / kənˈsɚn /

noun
Company, firm or business
Feeling of worry or anxiety
verb
To be about a particular topic
To have a direct impact on someone
To be responsible or mixed up in; to be involved
To feel worry or anxiety

basic

US / 'beɪsɪk /

•

UK / ˈbesɪk /

adjecitve
At the most important or easiest (beginner) level

visit

US / ˈvɪzɪt /

•

UK / ˈvɪzɪt /

noun
Trip to a place for a time, usually for a reason
verb
To go to a place for a time, usually for a reason

taste

US / teɪst /

•

UK / test /

noun
(Good) sense of style in clothes, art, or manners
Flavor in your mouth from food or drink
A liking for something; preference
Brief experience of something
verb
To experience something
To experience the flavor of food, drink
To briefly experience to see if you like something

separate

US / 'sepəreɪt /

•

UK / 'sepəreɪt /

adjecitve
Being different from or unrelated to another
verb
To divide two things by being in between them
To live away from your husband or wife
To move things away from each other

chew

US / tʃu: /

•

UK / tʃu: /

noun
Act of biting something many times
verb
To bite something many times without swallowing it

blindfold

US / 'blaɪndfəʊld /

•

UK / ˈblaɪndˌfold /

noun
A cloth tied over your eyes so you can't see
verb
To tie a cloth over your eyes so you can't see

vest

US / vest /

•

UK / vest /

noun
US sleeveless garment worn under a coat; waistcoat

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

traffic

US / 'træfɪk /

•

UK / ˈtræfɪk /

noun
The cars or vehicles on the road
Amount of activity over a communication system

trade

US / treɪd /

•

UK / treid /

noun
A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
Action of buying and selling things in business
The buying and selling of goods and services
Exchanging something for something else
Job often requiring physical skills, e.g. plumbing
verb
To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
To give something in return for something else

safe

US / seɪf /

•

UK / sef /

noun
Metal box with a lock to keep valuable things in
adjecitve
Highly likely
Being out of danger

reinforce

US / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s /

•

UK / ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:rs /

verb
To send more troops/resources to support an army
To encourage or strengthen an idea or feeling
To strengthen a wall or building

probably

US / ˈprɒbəbli /

•

UK / ˈprɑbəbli /

adverb
That is likely to happen or be true

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

four

US / fɔ:(r) /

•

UK / fɔr, for /

number
4

try

US / traɪ /

•

UK / traɪ /

noun
Act of putting the ball over the rugby goal line
verb
To make an effort, to attempt to do something
To examine someone or something in a court of law
To test to see if it is good or you like it
To make a person go through hardship; test
To examine something to see if it works

refusal

US / rɪˈfju:zl /

•

UK / rɪˈfjuzəl /

noun
Act of not accepting, giving, or doing

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

among

US / əˈmʌŋ /

•

UK / əˈmʌŋ /

preposition
In the center of several things

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

tail

US / teɪl /

•

UK / tel /

noun
Extended part at the back of an animal's body
Back or last part of something e.g. shirt
verb
To be end of (a march or parade, line)
To follow someone secretly and watch what they do

thousand

US / ˈθaʊznd /

•

UK / ˈθaʊzənd /

number
Number 1,000

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

partnership

US / ˈpɑ:tnəʃɪp /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rtnərʃɪp /

noun
Shared business relationship with someone
Working with others for some purpose

handle

US / 'hændl /

•

UK / ˈhændl /

noun
The part of a door you hold to open it
Thing you hold to carry or open a bag, pan etc.
verb
To cope with or take responsibility for
To control a machine, car etc.
To control or be controlled /used in a certain way
To deal with a particular situation/person; manage
To buy, sell, or move materials or goods
To hold, control, or use something with the hands
To touch objects with the hands to look at them

enjoy

US / ɪnˈdʒɔɪ /

•

UK / ɛnˈdʒɔɪ /

verb
To take pleasure in something

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

remember

US / rɪ'membə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈmɛmbɚ /

verb
To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
To hold a thought in your mind to not forget it
To bring a previous image or idea to your mind

relation

US / rɪˈleɪʃn /

•

UK / rɪˈleɪʃn /

noun
Connection between two or more things
A member of your family
Way in which two or more things are connected

paw

US / pɔ: /

•

UK / pɔ /

noun
Foot of an animal that has claws like a dog or cat
verb
To touch inappropriately, in a sexual way

focus

US / 'fəʊkəs /

•

UK / ˈfokəs /

noun
Main purpose or center of interest or activity
verb
To see clearly by adjusting your eyes or a camera
To keep your attention, concentration on one thing

fall

US / fɔ:l /

•

UK / fɔl /

noun
Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
A drop in amount; decrease
Dropping from a standing position to the ground
verb
To drop in amount; to decrease
To come down from a higher position suddenly
To go from standing to the ground, by accident

end

US / end /

•

UK / ɛnd /

noun
The point where a process or activity stops
A point that marks the limit of something; finish
Goal or desired result
The tip, edge or limit of something
verb
To be the last part of something

chicago

US / ʃɪ'kɑ:gəʊ, -'kɔ:- /

•

UK / ʃɪ'kɑ:ɡoʊˌ -'kɔ:- /

proper noun
A city in northeastern Illinois, on Lake Michigan; population 2,853,114 (est. 2008). Chicago develop

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

sixty

US / 'sɪkstɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪksti /

number
60

michelle

US / maɪs /

•

UK / maɪs /

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

before

US / bɪˈfɔ:(r) /

•

UK / bɪˈfɔr,-ˈfor /

adverb
At a time earlier than the present; previously
conjunction
In advance of something happening
preposition
In front of someone or something

serve

US / sɜ:v /

•

UK / sɚv /

verb
To act in a particular position or office
To hit the first ball to an opponent in tennis etc.
To be used for a particular purpose
To give someone food or drinks
To give a person or group a service that is needed
To spend a particular amount of time in prison
To help customers find products and making sales
To give an official paper to appear in court

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

campus

US / 'kæmpəs /

•

UK / ˈkæmpəs /

other
Grounds of an institution, e.g. a university

disobey

US / ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdɪsəˈbe /

verb
To deliberately not do what you are ordered to do

boy

US / bɔɪ /

•

UK / bɔɪ /

noun
A young male person

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

temperamentally

US / ˌtemprəˈmentəli /

•

UK / ˌtemprəˈmentəli /

adverb
With regard to your mood or nature

percent

US / pə'sent /

•

UK / pɚˈsɛnt /

adverb
One one-hundredth of a whole; the symbol %

his

US / hɪz /

•

UK / hɪz /

pronoun
Something belonging to a male person

government

US / ˈgʌvənmənt /

•

UK / ˈɡʌvənmənt /

noun
Group of people and system that rule a nation

command

US / kə'mɑ:nd /

•

UK / kəˈmænd /

noun
Electronic order to a computer to do something
An order to control things or others
verb
To be able to see far from a certain location
To give an order; have control over others
To have or get (respect or attention)

week

US / wi:k /

•

UK / wik /

noun
Period of seven days from Sunday to Saturday

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

sit

US / sɪt /

•

UK / sɪt /

verb
To take an exam
To be in a resting position on a chair
To provide seating for people
To remain in a still position while being painted

reaction

US / rɪ'ækʃn /

•

UK / riˈækʃən /

noun
Bodily response to a drug or something eaten
Feeling or action in response to something

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

health

US / helθ /

•

UK / hɛlθ /

noun
(Person, company) being in a good condition; well

fly

US / flaɪ /

•

UK / flai /

noun
Common flying insect, sometimes blue in color
Opening with fold of cloth hiding zipper on pants
verb
To move in the wind, e.g. a flag
To move at a high speed
To travel in a plane, helicopter, balloon etc.
To pilot people or items by plane
To travel through the air using wings

care

US / keə(r) /

•

UK / kɛr /

noun
Treatment you receive for your health or safety
Something that a person worries about
verb
To feel interest, concern, or worry
To look after someone or something

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

eye

US / aɪ /

•

UK / aɪ /

noun
The part of the body that you see with
The skill to see the good and bad parts of a thing
Hole at the end of a needle
verb
To watch or study something closely

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

tend

US / tend /

•

UK / tɛnd /

verb
To move or act in a certain manner
To take care of
To regularly behave in a certain way

pup

US / pʌp /

•

UK / pʌp /

noun
Very young dog (and some other animals)

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

mix

US / mɪks /

•

UK / mɪks /

noun
A combination of more than two things
verb
To combine two or more things to make one
To meet and get along with others, e.g. at a party

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

lab

US / læb /

•

UK / læb /

noun
Short for 'laboratory'

great

US / ɡreɪt /

•

UK / ɡret /

adjecitve
Very large in size
Very important
Very good; fantastic; wonderful
adverb
Very good; better than before
noun
Successful and well-admired person

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

doggy

US / 'dɒɡɪ /

•

UK / ˈdɔɡi, ˈdɑɡi /

noun
Word for dog used by and to children

cue

US / kju: /

•

UK / kju /

noun
Word or action in a play to tell an actor to speak
Signal telling when you have to do something
verb
To give a signal telling someone when to act/speak

absolutely

US / ˈæbsəlu:tli /

•

UK / ˈæbsəˌlutli, ˌæbsəˈlutli /

adverb
Completely; totally; very

assistance

US / əˈsɪstəns /

•

UK / əˈsɪstəns /

noun
Act of helping someone

particularly

US / pəˈtikjuləli /

•

UK / pɚˈtɪkjələli, pəˈtɪk- /

adverb
Specially; more than others

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

behave

US / bɪˈheɪv /

•

UK / bɪˈhev /

verb
To act correctly
To act in a particular way
To react in a particular way in a given case

thirty

US / 'θɜ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈθə:ti /

number
30

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

ride

US / raɪd /

•

UK / raɪd /

noun
Machine at an amusement park for riding on for fun
Trip on a bicycle or a horse
verb
To travel in a particular vehicle as a passenger
To sit on and control a horse or vehicle

retriever

US / rɪˈtri:və(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈtrivɚ /

noun
Dog trained to retrieve hunted animals

she

US / ʃɪ /

•

UK / ʃi /

pronoun
Female person or animal mentioned before
(Refers to female person mentioned before)

select

US / sɪ'lekt /

•

UK / sɪˈlɛkt /

verb
To choose a suitable thing from a group

house

US / haʊs /

•

UK / haʊs /

noun
Place where a specific activity or business occurs
Building in which a family, person lives
verb
To give someone a place to live
To contain or store something

foretaste

US / ˈfɔːteɪst /

•

UK / ˈfɔːrteɪst /

noun
A sample of something that will come/happen later

jump

US / dʒʌmp /

•

UK / dʒʌmp /

noun
Large sudden increase
An act of springing into the air
Bar or other thing that is jumped over
A sudden movement due to surprise
verb
To attack someone suddenly
To push your body into the air with your legs
To suddenly decide to do something
To make a sudden movement due to surprise

equipment

US / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

•

UK / ɪˈkwɪpmənt /

noun
Tools or materials used to perform a task

despite

US / dɪˈspaɪt /

•

UK / dɪˈspaɪt /

preposition
Without being affected by something; in spite of

excite

US / ɪk'saɪt /

•

UK / ɪkˈsaɪt /

verb
To make something or someone become more active
To make someone feel happy, interested or eager

yeah

US / jeə /

•

UK / ˈjɛə, ˈjæə, jɛ- /

exclamation
Another way of saying 'yes'

track

US / træk /

•

UK / træk /

noun
A circular course for running
Course or way someone takes, e.g. in education
Path in a field or a forest made by walkers
Often circular course laid out for car racing
One of multiple musical recordings on an album
Band surrounding the wheels of a tank
Metal lines that trains ride on
verb
To use marks to follow a wild animal
To move a certain way/follow a particular course
To record and examine the progress of something

ground

US / graʊnd /

•

UK / ɡraʊnd /

noun
Connection of electrical equipment to earth
Place where people play particular sports
Solid surface of the earth that we stand on
verb
To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
To make loud jarring noise by pressing hard
To make sharp or smooth through friction
To press together with force making a sound
To punish someone by not allowing them to go out
To hit the bottom
(Of boat) to hit the bottom so it cannot move
To prevent a plane from taking off
To place the ball over the goal line in rugby

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

evan

US / /

•

UK / /

diversity

US / daɪ'vɜ:sətɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈvə:sɪti, daɪ- /

noun
Having a range of different races, ideas etc.

city

US / 'sɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɪti /

noun
Area with many buildings, roads and people

slowly

US / ˈsləʊli /

•

UK / ˈsloʊli /

adverb
In an unhurried or not speedy manner

practice

US / 'præktɪs /

•

UK / ˈpræktɪs /

noun
The office and place for legal or medical work
Doing something many times to become better at it
verb
To work as a doctor or lawyer
To live according to the teachings of a religion
To do something many times to improve a skill

vision

US / 'vɪʒn /

•

UK / ˈvɪʒən /

noun
Ability to see; eyesight
Something you see in your imagination or dreams
Ability to plan for the future of something

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

student

US / ˈstju:dnt /

•

UK / ˈstudnt, ˈstjud- /

noun
Person studying at school

manager

US / ˈmænɪdʒə(r) /

•

UK / ˈmænɪdʒɚ /

noun
Person who controls and runs a business or group

preserve

US / prɪˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / prɪˈzɜ:rv /

noun
Protected area of land with plants and animals
verb
To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
To protect something from harm, loss or damage
To keep or maintain unchanged or perfect

locate

US / ləʊ'keɪt /

•

UK / ˈloˌket,loˈket /

verb
To find exactly where something is positioned
To put something in a new place

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

dna

US / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

•

UK / ˌdiː en ˈeɪ /

noun
Chemical in living cells with genetic information

block

US / blɒk /

•

UK / blɑk /

noun
Solid piece of material used for building
A piece of wood, chocolate etc.
Hard piece of wood, stone etc. with straight edges
Building made up of offices or apartments
Area of a city divided by four streets
verb
To stop from going forward or making progress

york

US / jɔ:k /

•

UK / jɔrk /

proper noun
A city in northern England, on the Ouse River; population 136,900 (est. 2009).
A commercial and industrial city in southeastern Pennsylvania; population 40,097 (est. 2008).
The southwestern tip of Hayes Peninsula, on Baffin Bay in Greenland. It served as a base for US expl

stay

US / steɪ /

•

UK / ste /

noun
Legal order to stop or delay an action
Strong rope or wire that supports a ship's mast
Period of time spent living in or visiting a place
verb
To keep trying without giving up
To remain in the same place and not move away
To spend time visiting a place or someone's home

gibbon

US / ˈgɪbən /

•

UK / ˈɡɪbən /

noun
Small forest ape having long arms and no tail
Smallest and most perfectly anthropoid arboreal ape having long arms and no tail; of southern Asia a

tricky

US / 'trɪkɪ /

•

UK / ˈtrɪki /

adjecitve
Difficult, so needing skill to do or deal with
Likely to use tricks; dishonest or deceptive

own

US / əʊn /

•

UK / on /

adjecitve
Belong to oneself
determiner
Yours, his, hers, etc.; not belonging to another
pronoun
(Something) belong to myself
verb
To have something as your property

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

puppy

US / ˈpʌpi /

•

UK / ˈpʌpi /

noun
Very young dog (and some other animals)

peggy

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
A steward in a ship's mess (often used as a form of address).

fund

US / fʌnd /

•

UK / fʌnd /

noun
Money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
A specific account into which you put money
verb
To supply money for something

disqualify

US / dɪs'kwɒlɪfaɪ /

•

UK / dɪsˈkwɑləˌfaɪ /

verb
To remove from a contest because a rule was broken

cause

US / kɔ:z /

•

UK / kɔz /

noun
Belief, goal or organization that people support
Reason for
verb
To make something happen; create effect or result

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

housebreak

US / ˈhaʊsbreɪk /

•

UK / haʊsˌbreɪk /

verb
To train (a pet) to live cleanly in a house

put

US / pʊt /

•

UK / pʊt /

phrasal verb
to make a light stop shining by pressing or moving a switch
verb
To move or place a thing in a particular position
To rate something in importance or value
To write or say something in a certain manner

train

US / treɪn /

•

UK / tren /

noun
Line of people, animals moving the same direction
Vehicle that carries people and runs on rails
Long rear section of a (e.g. wedding) dress
Series of events happening one after another
verb
To teach a pet a behavior or a trick
To educate someone in something, e.g. medicine
To cause a plant to grow a certain way by cutting
To point a certain way or toward something
To practice to get better at a thing, e.g. sports

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

drift

US / drɪft /

•

UK / drɪft /

verb
(Of sand, etc.) to be blown into heaps by the wind
(Of boats) to move without purpose on water
To move or live without a purpose or goal
To move slowly or effortlessly in water or air

hang

US / hæŋ /

•

UK / hæŋ /

verb
To attach a picture, photograph etc. onto a wall
To float, move softly, or remain in the air
To kill by putting a rope around neck and dropping
To remain undecided, unsolved or unclear

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

praise

US / preɪz /

•

UK / preɪz /

noun
Expression of approval of something/someone
Expression of thanks, respect, and love
verb
To express approval of something or someone
To express thanks, respect, and love

rest

US / rest /

•

UK / rɛst /

noun
Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
State in which there is a lack of motion
Part of something remaining after some was used
verb
To stop working or avoid activity to recover
(Of dead person) to lie in a grave
To lean, support or place something against
To not be tired because you had enough sleep

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

effort

US / ˈefət /

•

UK / ˈɛfət /

noun
Amount of work used trying to do something

help

US / help /

•

UK / hɛlp /

noun
Something given to enable a person to do something
Assistance given to someone in need
Someone who makes something easier or possible
verb
To act to enable a person to do something; assist
To make something better or less difficult

match

US / mætʃ /

•

UK / mætʃ /

noun
Something that is equal to or the same as another
Small stick you strike to light a fire candle etc.
A sports competition between two people or teams
Person or thing that goes well with another
verb
To equal or be as good as something else
To work well or look good with something else

suit

US / su:t /

•

UK / sut /

noun
Set of clothes including jacket and pants or skirt
Law case involving a claim of some kind
Set of playing cards such as hearts or diamonds
verb
To be appropriate for a given situation
(Of clothes) to look good on someone

think

US / θɪŋk /

•

UK / θɪŋk /

verb
To have an idea about something without certainty
To have an idea, opinion or belief about something

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

keep

US / ki:p /

•

UK / kip /

noun
Large, strong tower in the middle of a castle
Money spent on you so you can live in a place
verb
To continue doing something; not to stop
To stop balls going in a goal in sports
To not give back or return something
(Of food) to not spoil or not rot
To take possession of something to own, e.g. a pet
To have and continue to hold something
To do something that you have promised or agreed
To stay in a certain place or condition
To maintain the rules

nineteen

US / ˌnaɪnˈti:n /

•

UK / naɪnˈtin /

number
19

oncoming

US / ˈɒnkʌmɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɑnˌkʌmɪŋ, ˈɔn- /

adjecitve
(E.g. of traffic) moving towards

forty

US / 'fɔ:tɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɔrti /

number
40

solely

US / ˈsəʊlli:, ˈsəʊli: /

•

UK / ˈsolli, ˈsoli /

adverb
With no one or nothing else

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

concept

US / 'kɒnsept /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌsɛpt /

noun
Abstract idea of something or how it works

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

plenty

US / 'plentɪ /

•

UK / ˈplɛnti /

pronoun
When there is not too little of something; a lot

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

deal

US / di:l /

•

UK / dil /

verb
To cope with something - usually troubles
To give (something bad e.g. news) to
To buy and sell illegal drugs
To give out (cards, etc.) to; distribute
To do business with someone or to sell products

experience

US / ɪk'spɪərɪəns /

•

UK / ɪkˈspɪriəns /

noun
Thing a person has done or that happened to them
An event at which you learned something
Knowledge gained by living life, doing new things
verb
To gain knowledge by doing things

intersection

US / ˌɪntə'sekʃn /

•

UK / ˌɪntɚˈsɛkʃən /

noun
Place where two things cross

insistent

US / ɪnˈsɪstənt /

•

UK / ɪnˈsɪstənt /

adjecitve
Continued statement of your opinion

likelihood

US / ˈlaɪklihʊd /

•

UK / ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd /

noun
Chance that something might happen

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

table

US / ˈteɪbl /

•

UK / ˈtebəl /

noun
Diagram that shows data in rows and columns
Raised flat surface you sit at to work or eat
verb
To leave an idea to be discussed at a later date

yellow

US / ˈjeləʊ /

•

UK / ˈjeloʊ /

adjecitve
Color of lemons or the sun
Lacking in courage; cowardly (used as an INSULT)
verb
To turn yellow, often due to being old

avoid

US / ə'vɔɪd /

•

UK / əˈvɔɪd /

verb
To prevent from happening
To stay away from

advocacy

US / ˈædvəkəsi /

•

UK / ˈædvəkəsi /

noun
Request for change
Public support for a belief

darn

US / dɑ:n /

•

UK / dɑrn /

noun
Hole in a piece of cloth that has been repaired
verb
To repair a hole in a piece of cloth or clothing

grass

US / grɑ:s /

•

UK / græs /

noun
Slang name for marijuana
Plants with narrow green leaves, grown on lawns
verb
To betray someone
To cover an area of ground to make a lawn or field

megan

US / ˈmeɡən /

•

UK / ˈmeɡən /

seven

US / ˈsevn /

•

UK / ˈsɛvən /

number
Number 7

want

US / wɔnt /

•

UK / wɑnt, wɔnt /

noun
Something you desire or wish for
State or condition of poverty
verb
To desire or wish for something; hope for a thing

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

exclusively

US / ɪk'sklu:sɪvlɪ /

•

UK / ɪkˈsklusɪvlɪ /

adverb
For the use of only one person or group

development

US / dɪ'veləpmənt /

•

UK / dɪˈvɛləpmənt /

noun
Act or process of growing bigger or more advanced
A new event related to a previous event

food

US / fu:d /

•

UK / fud /

noun
What people and animals eat to live
Things taken in by plants to maintain life
A particular style or type of cooking, e.g. Asian

instructor

US / ɪnˈstrʌktə(r) /

•

UK / ɪnˈstrʌktɚ /

noun
Person who teaches or explains usually as a job

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

quite

US / kwaɪt /

•

UK / kwaɪt /

adverb
Not very; fairly
Very; In a complete or total manner

seventy

US / ˈsevnti /

•

UK / ˈsɛvənti /

number
70

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

squirrel

US / 'skwɪrəl /

•

UK / ˈskwɚrəl, ˈskwʌr- /

noun
Small furry tree-living animal with a big tail

preparation

US / ˌprepəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌprɛpəˈreʃən /

noun
Cream or substance applied onto the skin
Act of making ready for a purpose or activity

ability

US / ə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / əˈbɪlɪti /

noun
The power, resources or skill to do something

fifty

US / 'fɪftɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɪfti /

number
50

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

craft

US / krɑ:ft /

•

UK / kræft /

noun
Job requiring a worker to have specific skills
Vehicle that travels on water or through the air
verb
To make by hand and with much skill

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

leash

US / li:ʃ /

•

UK / li:ʃ /

noun
Chain, strap, etc. for controlling an animal

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

ivy

US / 'aɪvɪ /

•

UK / ˈaɪvi /

noun
Climbing plant growing up walls of buildings

research

US / rɪ'sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ /

noun
Study done to discover new ideas and facts
Work done to find or discover knowledge
verb
To study in order to discover new ideas and facts

tape

US / teɪp /

•

UK / tep /

noun
Narrow strip of magnetic material for recording on
Thin material used to mark an area or seal things
verb
To record some sounds using an electric device
To stick things together using an adhesive strip

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

enter

US / 'entə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɛntɚ /

verb
To start a career or an education
To become a competitor in a contest
To add or type information in a computer
To go into a room, building etc.

harness

US / 'hɑ:nɪs /

•

UK / ˈhɑrnɪs /

noun
Equipment used by horses to pull things
verb
To capture the power of something

involve

US / ɪn'vɒlv /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɑlv /

verb
To have or be included as a part of something

raiser

US / 'reɪzə /

•

UK / 'reɪzə /

noun
Bridge partner who increases the partner's bid

please

US / pli:z /

•

UK / pliz /

adverb
Used when you politely ask people for things
verb
To entertain someone, by dancing, singing etc.
To make someone happy by doing something

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

rowdiness

US / /

•

UK / /

noun
Rowdy behavior

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

chaotic

US / keɪ'ɒtɪk /

•

UK / keɪˈɒtɪk /

adjecitve
Utterly confused

child

US / tʃaɪld /

•

UK / tʃaɪld /

noun
A very young person, between about 2 and 15

donation

US / dəʊˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / doʊˈneɪʃn /

noun
Gift or money given to help support a cause

graduation

US / ˌgrædʒuˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈɡrædʒuˈeʃən /

noun
Getting your academic degree or certificate
Ceremony for students to get their academic degree

hat

US / hæt /

•

UK / hæt /

noun
Item of clothing worn on your head

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

platform

US / 'plætfɔ:m /

•

UK / ˈplætˌfɔrm /

noun
Flat, raised structure that people stand on
Area from which you board a train at a station

save

US / seɪv /

•

UK / sev /

noun
Preventing a player in a game from scoring a goal
preposition
Except; not including
verb
To make your computer keep a file
To keep for future use
To make something unnecessary; prevent
To keep money so that you will have it later
To keep something for future use, such as money
To keep or rescue someone or something from harm
To prevent a player in a game from scoring a goal
To avoid the unnecessary waste of energy, etc.

prevent

US / prɪ'vent /

•

UK / prɪˈvɛnt /

verb
To stop something from happening or existing

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

toy

US / tɔɪ /

•

UK / tɔɪ /

adjecitve
Something small in size compared to an original
noun
Things children play with, as dolls or small cars
verb
To play with (your food, someone's feelings)

wise

US / waɪz /

•

UK / waɪz /

adjecitve
Knowledgeable about life; having good judgment

somebody

US / 'sʌmbədɪ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌbɑdi, -ˌbʌdi, -bədi /

noun
Important well-respected person
pronoun
Person who is not known or named

zoe

US / /

•

UK / /

role

US / rəʊl /

•

UK / rol /

noun
Character played by an actor
Part you play in an activity; job; responsibility

board

US / bɔ:d /

•

UK / bɔrd, bord /

noun
Surface for posting or showing information
Group of persons who direct an organization
Long piece of material used for riding the waves
Long thin piece of wood, used for building; plank
verb
To enter a ship, plane, or other vehicle
To cover with long wooden strips of wood
To pay money to live in someone's house; lodge

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

erin

US / ˈɪərɪn /

•

UK / ˈɛrɪn /

noun
Archaic or poetic/literary name for Ireland.

fact

US / fækt /

•

UK / fækt /

noun
Something that is known or proved to be true

individual

US / ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl /

•

UK / ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl /

adjecitve
Made for use by one single person
Having a distinct manner different from others
noun
Single person, looked at separately from others

strong

US / strɒŋ /

•

UK / strɔŋ /

adjecitve
(Of tea or beer) dark or thick
Having big muscles; physically powerful

aptitude

US / ˈæptɪtju:d /

•

UK / ˈæptɪˌtud, -ˌtjud /

noun
Natural gift allowing quick learning of something

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

object

US / 'ɒbdʒɪkt /

•

UK / ˈɑbdʒɪkt /

noun
Something you can see or touch, but is not alive
Goal or purpose of a particular plan or activity
The thing that the action of a verb acts upon
verb
To disagree; to protest against an idea or plan

street

US / stri:t /

•

UK / strit /

noun
Road in a city with buildings and places to walk

responsible

US / rɪ'spɒnsəbl /

•

UK / rɪˈspɑnsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being the cause of something that has occurred
Having the duty of dealing with something
Able to be trusted to do what needs to be done

jersey

US / 'dʒɜ:zɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒə:zi /

noun
Shirt worn as part of a sports uniform

grow

US / ɡrəʊ /

•

UK / ɡro /

verb
To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
To improve; to develop better skills over time
To develop and become bigger or taller over time

personality

US / ˌpɜ:səˈnæləti /

•

UK / ˌpɚsəˈnælɪti /

noun
Way someone is or reacts to life or other people
Person who is famous; celebrity

piece

US / pi:s /

•

UK / pis /

noun
A counter in a board game
Small part of something larger
verb
To put items together to assemble something

specifically

US / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

•

UK / spəˈsɪfɪkli /

adverb
As regards a particular thing; closely related to
In particular

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

test

US / test /

•

UK / test /

noun
A medical examination
Action to establish the truth or nature of
Examination; questions to measure knowledge
verb
To be given a medical examination
To try to establish the truth or nature of
To ask a series of questions to measure knowledge

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

volunteer

US / ˌvɒlən'tɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˌvɑlənˈtɪr /

adjecitve
Working willingly without pay to help others
noun
Person who helps others without being paid
verb
To work willingly without pay to help others

package

US / ˈpækɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈpækɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Presented as one item but includes several
noun
Box or container items are placed in for mailing
A container for items for sale, e.g. food
Group of several items or services offered as one
verb
To present or sell a group of things as one item
To put something into a container to store it

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

unique

US / jʊ'ni:k /

•

UK / juˈnik /

adjecitve
Unlike other things; being the only one like it

pace

US / peɪs /

•

UK / pes /

noun
Rate of speed at which something moves or happens
Single step, often used to measure a distance
verb
To set and control your speed, as in a race
To walk with slow purposeful steps

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

career

US / kə'rɪə(r) /

•

UK / kəˈrɪr /

noun
Particular occupation in professional life
verb
To move forward very fast and without control

pet

US / pet /

•

UK / pɛt /

adjecitve
Favorite
noun
Animal kept by a person for company and friendship
A favorite thing or person
verb
To gently touch an animal or person; stroke
To kiss and cuddle, sometimes in a sexual way

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

range

US / reɪndʒ /

•

UK / rendʒ /

noun
Cooking stove with multiple burners
Given distance from a point; how far plane can fly
Large grassy area where cattle wander and feed
Group or chain of mountains
Set of things with something in common
Limits within which something extends or varies
A set of products, e.g. so that people can choose
verb
To cover an area from one point to another
To extend to or vary within given limits
To put things in a row or in line
To wander or explore

selection

US / sɪˈlekʃn /

•

UK / sɪˈlɛkʃən /

noun
Process of choosing someone or something carefully
Something chosen carefully from a larger group
Range or variety of things you can choose from

purpose

US / 'pɜ:pəs /

•

UK / ˈpɚpəs /

noun
Reason for which something is done; aim; goal

amazing

US / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ə'meɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Surprising in a pleasing way
verb
To cause wonder; to surprise completely

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

costume

US / 'kɒstju:m /

•

UK / ˈkɑsˌtum, -ˌtjum /

noun
Special clothes, e.g. clothes for acting in a film

definitely

US / ˈdefɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

adverb
Without question; beyond doubt

eight

US / eɪt /

•

UK / et /

number
8

job

US / dʒɒb /

•

UK / dʒɑ:b /

noun
Something that must be done
Regular work at which you earn money

kill

US / kɪl /

•

UK / kɪl /

noun
Animal killed by a person or other animal
verb
To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
To end the life of a person or other living thing
To be very funny
To prevent something from continuing or operating
To do something unimportant to pass time quickly

rambunctious

US / ræmˈbʌŋkʃəs /

•

UK / ræmˈbʌŋkʃəs /

adjecitve
Noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline

sound

US / saʊnd /

•

UK / saʊnd /

adjecitve
Sensible, dependable and reliable
Unbroken or undisturbed, as of sleep
Firm or solid in structure
Sane; not mentally ill
Clearly reasoned; involving sense, good judgment
noun
Unique quality that characterizes a style of music
Waves traveling in air or water that can be heard
verb
To seem or appear to be, from what was said
To say in a clear deliberate manner
To make a noise, e.g. to ring a bell

specialist

US / 'speʃəlɪst /

•

UK / ˈspɛʃəlɪst /

noun
Person who works in one specific area or field

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

anywhere

US / ˈeniweə(r) /

•

UK / ˈeniwer /

adverb
To any extent or degree (often used with not)
In, at or to any place
other
Use to indicate limits or variation

programme

US / ˈprəʊgræm /

•

UK / ˈproˌɡræm, -ɡrəm /

noun
A plan or schedule of events
TV show
verb
To write computer code for a piece of software

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

herself

US / hɜ:ˈself /

•

UK / hɚˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Female person that did the original action

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

design

US / dɪˈzaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈzaɪn /

noun
The way something is planned, to fulfill a purpose
verb
To plan in a particular way to fulfill a purpose
To think of a plan

direction

US / də'rekʃn /

•

UK / dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ- /

noun
When someone tells people what to do
Describes the way you are going, e.g. North

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

organization

US / ˌɔ:gənaɪˈzeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔrɡənɪˈzeʃən /

noun
Group of people with a particular purpose

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

hinge

US / hɪndʒ /

•

UK / hɪndʒ /

noun
Metal piece that attaches a door/gate to the wall
verb
To be dependent on or caused by

pretty

US / 'prɪtɪ /

•

UK / ˈprɪti /

adjecitve
Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
adverb
Very; to a great degree

main

US / meɪn /

•

UK / men /

adjecitve
Most important; most often used

orientation

US / ˌɔ:riənˈteɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌɔriɛnˈteʃən, -ən-, ˌor- /

noun
Where you are in a location, e.g. facing east/west
Process of giving information about something new
A person's preferences, e.g. sexual preferences

eighteen

US / ˌeɪˈti:n /

•

UK / eˈtin /

number
18

build

US / bɪld /

•

UK / bɪld /

noun
Your physical shape; physique
verb
To establish e.g. a reputation, over time
To construct a house, office, factory

geneticist

US / dʒəˈnetɪsɪst /

•

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪsɪst /

noun
Biologist who specializes in genetics

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

tunnel

US / 'tʌnl /

•

UK / ˈtʌnəl /

adjecitve
As if looking in a long hole
noun
Passage under the ground, often for cars or trains
verb
To dig a hole from one side to another

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

kettle

US / ˈketl /

•

UK / ˈkɛtl /

noun
Metal container with spout used for boiling water

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

room

US / ru:m /

•

UK / rum, rʊm /

noun
All of the people inside a particular room
Part of building enclosed by walls, e.g. kitchen
Opportunity to exist, happen, or be true
verb
To share a home with someone

approach

US / ə'prəʊtʃ /

•

UK / əˈprəʊtʃ /

noun
Means of reaching a place, often a road or path
Request of someone with a specific goal in mind
Specific way to handle a project, task, problem
verb
To get close to reaching something or somewhere
To request someone to do something specific

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

pressure

US / 'preʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈprɛʃɚ /

noun
Anxiety caused by difficult problems
Force, weight when pressing against a thing
Strong persuasion to do something
verb
To apply force to something
To persuade or force someone to do something

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

staff

US / stɑ:f /

•

UK / stæf /

noun
Employees of a company
Long stick that a person uses to help them walk
verb
To hire workers for a business

simple

US / 'sɪmpl /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpəl /

adjecitve
Not hard to understand or do; not complex
Having only a few parts; not complex
Being ordinary or normal
Being plain; without a lot added for style

travel

US / ˈtrævl /

•

UK / ˈtrævəl /

noun
Going to other places, esp. distant places
verb
To go to a place that is far away

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

breed

US / bri:d /

•

UK / brid /

noun
Kind of / sort of
Particular kind of animal, e.g. a Labrador dog
verb
To create situations for a (bad) thing to happen
To produce baby animals of specific kinds
To have (children); bring up or raise children

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

chance

US / tʃɑ:ns /

•

UK / tʃæns /

adjecitve
Happening by luck; not planned
Taking a risk to try something
noun
The way something happens without planning
An opportunity; favorable circumstances, situation
The possibility that something will happen
verb
To occur just through luck; happen
To take a risk to try something

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

pocket

US / 'pɒkɪt /

•

UK / ˈpɑkɪt /

adjecitve
(As if) small enough to fit in your pocket
noun
Small cloth bag sewn into clothing to hold things
Area of space
verb
To put something into your pocket
To take or hide something illegally

strange

US / streɪndʒ /

•

UK / strendʒ /

adjecitve
Unusual or odd; surprising because unexpected

who

US / hu: /

•

UK / hu /

pronoun
Which person
Used to introduce information about people

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

bit

US / bɪt /

•

UK / bɪt /

noun
Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
Small piece of something
verb
(E.g. of fish) to take bait and be caught

conceive

US / kənˈsi:v /

•

UK / kənˈsiv /

verb
To become pregnant
To think of, create new (ideas, thought, plans)
To understand

encourage

US / ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ /

•

UK / ɛnˈkɚrɪdʒ, -ˈkʌr- /

verb
To increase the chance of something happening
To make someone more determined or confident

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

pay

US / peɪ /

•

UK / pe /

noun
Money you receive from your job, work, etc.
verb
To give money for goods or work done
To give (attention, respect, etc.) to
To be punished or suffer for something you did
To make (a visit) to a person or place

tap

US / tæp /

•

UK / tæp /

noun
Faucet; the place you can get water from a pipe
Light hit, generally one that makes a sound
verb
To access a liquid (e.g. in a tree) through a hole
To move feet/fingers to make light regular sounds
To spy one someone electronically
To hit something or someone lightly
To remove from an object e.g. oil from the ground

between

US / bɪˈtwi:n /

•

UK / bɪˈtwin /

preposition
From one person, thing, or place, to another
In the space that separates two objects
Among two or more people who share something

dollar

US / ˈdɒlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈdɑ:lə(r) /

noun
A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent

everything

US / 'evrɪθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
All of the things mentioned

crowd

US / kraʊd /

•

UK / kraʊd /

noun
Large group of people together in one place
verb
To force too many things, people into
(Lots of people) to meet together in one place

shoulder

US / ˈʃəʊldə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʃoldɚ /

noun
Part of the body where an arm attaches or joins
Meat that comes from an animal's upper front leg
Part of a shirt or coat that covers the shoulders
verb
To carry something around your neck
To push something using the top part of your arm
To accept a job or responsibility

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

Subtitles section

Guide Dog Trainer Sean is training eighteen month old Emerson to disobey,

Or, more specifically, when to disobey.

When there's oncoming traffic

Tom taps Sean on the shoulder.

Sean moves to cross the street.

It's Emerson's job to disobey and guide Sean

to stay put, and stay safe,

This is one of the most important tests for a future seeing eye dog

but it's just a sliver of how the organization prepares its pups for the job,

At the Seeing Eye, geneticists look at doggy DNA to breed pups with the best chance of becoming successful guide dogs,

But it's not as simple as adopting a house pet.

It costs the Seeing Eye about seventy five thousand dollars to breed

train, and match each Seeing Eye dog,

And about forty percent of pups

don't make it to the end of the program,

So what makes a successful seeing eye dog

and why are they so expensive?

The making of a seeing eye dog starts with breeding

requires multiple stages of training

and hinges on the bond between handler and guide dog.

But getting to graduation takes over two years

and a lot of effort,

What Ivy is doing now

avoiding the train tracks despite Erin's command

is the most unique concept a seeing eye dog needs to understand,

Intelligent disobedience.

Today, Erin Hensley, a Seeing Eye trainer

is using a railway platform in Morristown

New Jersey, to practice with guide dog in training

Ivy.

We were just working on what we call platform refusals.

So, we kind of encouraged the dog to get close to the edge of the platform.

And her job is to go anywhere but there.

Erin repeatedly leads Ivy to the edge of the train tracks.

So you saw in the beginning

she kind of drifted whatever direction was opposite

while still kind of keeping the same orientation,

And then as I really pressured her to be like

no, no, I think we should turn left or turn right.

But to approach the edge of the platform

she started to get more insistent

and even at times wanted to kind of show me the opposite edge

because this home won't kill me,

That one will.

So she was like, I'll show you the other side of the platform

but I'm not going to show you the side that's going to make us fall into the trade tracks,

When Ivy does a good job

Erin reinforces her with plenty of praise and pets.

Intelligent disobedience is absolutely essential for Ivy when navigating traffic

crowds, and any other obstacles

a person may encounter,

She did a great job.

She's a very strong dog as far as platform refusals.

Ivy's skills come from a lifetime of preparation

and training,

Every seeing eye dog is born and bred at the organisation's breeding facility

specifically to help people with blindness and low vision,

The building is purposefully separated from the rest of the campus

to prevent illness among the approximately five hundred puppies born there each year,

Only about two hundred of them will become seeing eye dogs or enter the breeding programme,

Those dogs need to be temperamentally suited to guide work.

They have to enjoy and have an aptitude for what they do

but also they have to be healthy and hopefully long lived.

Katie Evans is a canine geneticist.

One of her main jobs is to understand

the genetic potential of a dog before it's even conceived,

The two kind of conflicting

slightly aspects of my role are trying to select for things that we want

while trying to preserve genetic diversity,

Exclusively selecting for specific traits can quickly lead to inbreeding

so Katie uses ancestry tables that go back ninety five years,

This kind of selection tends to focus on the health of the dog

since, personality wise

seeing eye dogs can range widely,

One of the things we always say about guide dogs

is that really, there is no ideal guide dog,

I think the only things that are really common to all of them

is that they have to want to do the job

and they have to be healthy,

This research allows the seeing eye to spot certain mutations

that could disqualify a dog from the training,

Progressive retinal atrophy

which causes a dog to slowly lose its vision

is now completely eradicated from the programme.

Genetics is just one piece of the pie, however.

We're trying to produce

Dogs with the best genetic potential

but then we place them with puppy raisers

and their role is to maximise the likelihood of them reaching their genetic potential,

Puppies start training to become Seeing Eye dogs

the moment they come into the world,

Their socialization starts from day one.

Peggy Gibbon is Seeing Eye's director of canine development.

So they're handled daily from the time they're born.

The staff will handle their paws

handle their ears, cuddle a little bit with them.

These first few weeks are all about acclimating these brand new puppies to anything they might encounter in the outside world,

The staff who work with them will wear funny costumes

so that they look a little different all the time,

Big sunglasses, big hats.

There are also tapes that will play with sounds of thunderstorms

tea kettles, children

traffic.

Once the puppies are a bit more mobile

they're let loose in the puppy playroom.

Yellow Labrador puppies chew on toys

roll through tunnels and wag their tails.

And while it looks chaotic on the surface

everything in the room has a purpose.

There are toys hanging from the ceiling

so that the puppies are looking up

because overhead obstacles for them as they grow up are particularly challenging,

The inside of this building is all these puppies now for the first seven weeks of their lives,

The full cost of raising

training, and matching a seeing eye dog with a handler

comes out to around seventy five thousand dollars,

For context, a twenty twenty four study put the average lifelong cost of owning a pet dog in the US anywhere from nineteen thousand eight hundred and ninety three dollars to fifty five thousand one hundred and thirty two dollars,

So the cost, if you look at it as for the life of a team

it makes it a little more understandable.

Funded solely through donations

the organization creates about two hundred and sixty partnerships a year,

But these puppies are not quite there yet.

At seven to eight weeks

pups like Zoe leave campus to live with a puppy raiser until they are about two years old,

This gives these guide dogs in training their first taste of real world experience,

Puppy raisers are different from trainers.

They're volunteers who bring these dogs into their homes to housebreak

and expose them to all sorts of new experiences,

Megan Woss will make sure Zoe

a five month old Labrador Golden Retriever mix

learns the basics like sit

stay, and how to behave on a ferry.

Megan and Zoe are attempting to board a ferry from Weehawken

New Jersey to New York City.

It's an official seeing eye outing

designed to expose the puppies to common experiences

a handler might need their dog to guide them through,

And while the main goal of today's adventure is getting used to riding a ferry

puppy raisers like Michelle Barlak

treat each dog as an individual,

One of the things that we're going to be looking for today with Geppetto is that he can get really excited when he sees people,

And it's really important for a guide to know that they cannot just jump on strangers and get distracted by people when they're working

and on the job,

And so he's learning that when he's wearing this vest

he is working.

Learning is the key word here

because the puppy foes can get a bit chaotic.

Mama's getting dizzy.

No, I don't think so.

No.

Can you read the sign?

What's that sign say?

Please keep off the grass.

Come on, you.

Come on, Swelly.

Good boy.

But, things like age appropriate rowdiness aren't enough to disqualify puppies from becoming guide dogs,

As a puppy, he's going to have mistakes.

He's probably going to get a little rambunctious at times

and we'll work with him on that.

He'll get some commands to settle down.

Our instructors are full time paid staff

who have received years of training in how to work with guide dogs,

So there's a lot that they can do with a dog when it returns to the Seeing Eye,

Most puppies will get the chance to go on

and work with the Seeing Eye's official trainers,

We say career change because

often, our dogs who don't make the program go on to other kinds of service careers,

And we also recognize that

even if their future is to become somebody's pet

that's also an important career too,

Puppy outings also give raisers the opportunity to assess how the dogs walk,

The pace at which they walk

and the amount of pull they have when they get the harness on

is unique to each dog,

We want them to pull into the harness.

That's really key to how they guide.

So when they guide a person, they guide them by pulling.

Geppetto will live with Michelle until he's about two years old,

Then he'll return to the Seeing Eyes campus

for formal training,

It's difficult to say until he goes back

and he really enters the training program

if he will graduate, but I think he's going to make a wonderful guide dog,

More advanced training involves something called a blindfold walk,

Sean McDonald, another Seeing Eye trainer

is walking around Morristown with his guide dog in training

eighteen month old Labrador

Emerson.

Sean puts on a blindfold to get rid of any unconscious cues he might be giving Emerson as they walk,

Tom Pender, Sean's training manager

follows them to make sure they are safe and to help them test Emerson's ability to keep them out of traffic,

When traffic is in front of them

Tom taps Sean on the shoulder.

He wants Sean to move forward

and he wants to see how Emerson reacts,

But when Sean goes to walk into the street

Emerson disobeys, keeping his paws firmly on the ground.

On these walks, Emerson is being tested on his ability to keep himself and his handler safe

his confidence, and his focus,

Were you concerned about the squirrels?

We were.

Yeah, he did pretty darn good today.

I definitely could feel his reaction a little bit

but the fact that he didn't really react

and kept me safe the entire time was a good thing,

Well done, Emerson.

Oh, yeah.

Dogs who make it through training

still need to be matched with their handler,

First time students stay on campus for about twenty five days to meet

get to know, and learn how to work with their Seeing Eye dog.

Room and board, and even travel, are part of the package.

I lived in Chicago at that time

and I was flown here and back.

I was fed amazing food

given amazing instruction that has served me well to this day,

Melissa Ullman is the Seeing Eyes Senior Advocacy and Government Relations Specialist

but she's also a former graduate.

So this is Luna.

She is a yellow lab golden cross

and she is the best dog in the world,

But Luna wasn't the only one to receive training.

Melissa stayed on campus for three and a half weeks

making sure their personalities matched

and to receive some instruction herself,

I had been used to traveling down a block with my cane

encountering objects, because a cane is an obstacle detector

and a dog is an obstacle avoider.

You know, probably even in class

I was just getting a foretaste of how Luna would save my life so many times,

Of the seventy five thousand dollars it takes to raise

train, and match a seeing eye dog,

most graduates only pay about one hundred and fifty dollars out of pocket,,

Some pay even less.

She also came with equipment

right, like a harness

and a leash, and things that were very carefully crafted,

After she takes Luna home

Melissa is then responsible for the care

and costs, of raising her,

But, the Seeing Eye offers assistance to graduates

for the rest of their dogs' careers,

So when I had a tricky intersection

that I was dealing with a few weeks after I left the Seeing Eye

they came out to visit me

and helped me with that intersection,

Remember, I was in Chicago.

The Seeing Eye is located here in Morristown, New Jersey.