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A Natural History of Mars

Original YouTube Video | eons Published on 2023-05-09 Level：97 Speed：27 maxwordlevel：15

Video vocabulary

orbiter

US / ˈɔː.bɪ.tər /

•

UK / ˈɔːr.bɪ.t̬ɚ /

noun
A spacecraft that orbits a planet or other celestial body

early

US / ˈɜ:li /

•

UK / ˈɜ:rli /

adjecitve
Happening or appearing before
adverb
Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
Happening sooner than expected

something

US / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈsʌmθɪŋ /

adverb
In some degree or measure
noun
a person or thing of some value or consequence
pronoun
Thing that is not yet known or named
Approximately

observe

US / əbˈzɜ:v /

•

UK / əbˈzɜ:rv /

verb
To celebrate a particular holiday/religious event
To obey or follow laws, rules, or customs
To watch carefully; to make a comment

meet

US / mi:t /

•

UK / mit /

noun
Sporting competition e.g. swimming
verb
To provide something that is necessary
To come together at a certain time or place

warmth

US / wɔ:mθ /

•

UK / wɔ:rmθ /

noun
Quality of kindness, friendliness, or sincerity
A friendly manner
State of being warm but not hot or cold

form

US / fɔ:m /

•

UK / fɔrm /

noun
Sports team or person's current winning record
Document you complete when making an application
Visible shape or style; type; kind
verb
To organize something such as a club or group
To develop; to come into a shape or substance
To make something into a particular shape

assign

US / ə'saɪn /

•

UK / əˈsaɪn /

verb
To give someone a particular job to do
To give someone credit or blame for something

environment

US / ɪn'vaɪrənmənt /

•

UK / ɛnˈvaɪrənmənt, -ˈvaɪən- /

noun
Natural world in which plants and animals live
The entire surrounding conditions of something

studio

US / 'stju:dɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈstudio, ˈstju- /

noun
Place for painting, broadcasting, etc.

trajectory

US / trə'dʒektərɪ /

•

UK / trəˈdʒɛktəri /

noun
The path followed by a flying object

most

US / məʊst /

•

UK / most /

adverb
Very; extremely
Greatest possible degree
pronoun
Nearly all of something

destination

US / ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdɛstəˈneʃən /

noun
The place you are traveling to

partially

US / ˈpɑ:ʃəli /

•

UK / ˈpɑ:rʃəli /

adverb
In part; in some degree; not wholly

rare

US / reə(r) /

•

UK / rɛr /

adjecitve
(Of meat) cooked, but still red and juicy
Unusual or out of the ordinary; not common

until

US / ənˈtɪl /

•

UK / ʌnˈtɪl /

conjunction
Up to; to a time when something happens
preposition
Before (a specific time)

two

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

number
2

equator

US / ɪ'kweɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ɪˈkwetɚ /

noun
Geographical line at zero degrees latitude

hope

US / həʊp /

•

UK / hop /

noun
When you wish something will happen; what you wish
verb
To expect and want something to happen

radiation

US / ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌrediˈeʃən /

noun
Energy transmitted as rays, waves or particles
Process of emitting something in waves
Harmful waves of energy from nuclear activity

come

US / kʌm /

•

UK / kʌm /

verb
To arrive at a place
(Of mail) to be delivered
To move toward someone; go with someone
To reach a certain point or state

join

US / dʒɔɪn /

•

UK / dʒɔɪn /

verb
To bring something close to another, to become one
To become a member of
To participate in an activity with others

out

US / aʊt /

•

UK / aʊt /

adverb
No longer stylish (e.g. fashion)
Away from home, business, or the usual place
In a direction/movement away from inside or center
noun
Act when a batter cannot continue playing
verb
To tell people a secret

leave

US / li:v /

•

UK / liv /

noun
Permission to do something
Vacation time; time off work
verb
To go away from; depart
To gift property to someone after you die
To allow something to continue happening
To let something remain unused or available
To let something or someone remain somewhere

anything

US / ˈeniθɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈɛniˌθɪŋ /

pronoun
A thing of any kind

large

US / lɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / lɑ:rdʒ /

adjecitve
Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat

slash

US / slæʃ /

•

UK / slæʃ /

noun
Line ( / ) used in writing
Long, deep cut, caused by a sharp object
verb
To cut violently with a sharp object
To decrease something by a large amount

tube

US / tju:b /

•

UK / tub,tjub /

noun
Plastic or metal container for soft substances
Long hollow pipe used to hold or liquids or gases

where

US / hwɛə /

•

UK / hwɛr, wɛr /

conjunction
At or in the place which
In whatever place
pronoun
Word you use to ask the location of something

rather

US / 'rɑ:ðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈræðɚ, ˈrɑðɚ /

adverb
Somewhat; fairly; not that much

behalf

US / bɪˈhɑːf /

•

UK / bɪˈhæf /

dive

US / daɪv /

•

UK / daɪv /

noun
Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
Rapid fall through air
A jump into water head-first from a high place
Rapid fall in the value or price of something
verb
To swim deep under water with an air supply
To rapid fall through air
To jump into water head-first
(Of prices) to rapidly fall

from

US / frəm /

•

UK / frʌm, frɑm,frəm /

preposition
Starting at a particular place, time or level

culture

US / 'kʌltʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkʌltʃɚ /

noun
Beliefs and customs of a particular group

perhaps

US / pəˈhæps /

•

UK / pɚˈhæps /

adverb
Possibly, but not certainly; maybe

only

US / ˈəunli /

•

UK / ˈonli /

adverb
Just one; just that amount or thing; not more than
Not very important or serious
Just that type of thing, person
Short time ago; not before a certain time
conjunction
Except; but

any

US / 'enɪ /

•

UK / ˈɛni /

adjecitve
One, or some, no matter which
pronoun
One (thing) of many; some

variety

US / və'raɪətɪ /

•

UK / vəˈraɪɪti /

noun
Particular type of thing or person

another

US / əˈnʌðə(r) /

•

UK / əˈnʌðɚ /

adjecitve
One more, but not this
determiner
One more added
pronoun
One more (thing)

over

US / 'əʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈovɚ /

adverb
Finished; no longer happening
Towards the ground/away from a standing position
noun
A set of six consecutive balls bowled in cricket
other
Finished
preposition
Showing the relation when a thing is above another
On or covering something
Above or across something
More than you need
From one side to the other
In the direction of; toward

lot

US / lɒt /

•

UK / lɑt /

noun
What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
A group of people seen together
Item for sale at an auction
Small area of land used for a purpose e.g. parking

crater

US / 'kreɪtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkretɚ /

noun
Large hole in ground caused by heavy impact

conflict

US / 'kɒnflɪkt /

•

UK / ˈkɑnˌflɪkt /

noun
Argument or struggle between two or more parties
verb
To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match

robotic

US / rəʊˈbɒtɪk /

•

UK / roʊˈbɑ:tɪk /

adjecitve
Concerning mechanical robots

arrive

US / əˈraɪv /

•

UK / əˈraɪv /

verb
To reach the place you are traveling to

and

US / ənd /

•

UK / ənd, ən,ænd /

conjunction
Used to refer to two or more things
Plus; in addition; on top of that
Used to introduce an action that follows another

far

US / fɑ:(r) /

•

UK / fɑr /

adjecitve
A long way away
Being a long way away
adverb
To a large degree or extent

footage

US / ˈfʊtɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈfʊtɪdʒ /

noun
A certain amount of film or video of something
Measurement in feet

investigate

US / ɪn'vestɪɡeɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡet /

verb
To try to find out facts; to carry out research

base

US / beɪs /

•

UK / bes /

noun
Place military personnel live, train, and operate
Bottom part of an object that touches a surface
Unit of counting, e.g. 10 for counting
Most important idea or ingredient to add others
Origin or start from which something came
Main place where an organization or a person works
verb
To use as the starting point or origin for
To have as the main location for (company, etc.)

titanium

US / tɪˈteɪniəm /

•

UK / taɪˈteniəm, tɪ- /

noun
Light, extremely strong, whitish silver metal

call

US / kɔ:l /

•

UK / kɔl /

noun
A order or request for action
The sound an animal makes, often when in danger
A correct prediction, e.g. a decision in a game
A short visit to a place or person
A decision by a referee or umpire in a game
verb
To make a request or order for action
(Animal) to make sounds to warn of danger
To announce the date of an election
To make a judgment about something
To give someone or something a name
To guess in advance the result or outcome
To visit a place or person for a short time
To phone someone
To speak, announce or shout in a loud voice

possibility

US / ˌpɒsə'bɪlətɪ /

•

UK / ˌpɑsəˈbɪlɪti /

noun
Something with a chance of happening or being true

back

US / bæk /

•

UK / bæk /

adjecitve
Farthest from the front e.g. in a classroom
adverb
Have returned to a place you were before
noun
The part of a chair that the upper body leans upon
Location at the rear of something
The reverse of side something
Area on the rear of your body
verb
To bet money on something
To go backwards in a car
To support and encourage someone or some cause

biological

US / ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / ˌbaɪəˈlɑdʒɪkəl /

adjecitve
Being related to life and living things

distance

US / 'dɪstəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪstəns /

noun
Lack of friendliness toward another person
Amount of space between two places or things
verb
To make it clear that you are not involved

ancient

US / 'eɪnʃənt /

•

UK / ˈenʃənt /

adjecitve
Very old; having lived a very long time ago

debris

US / dəˈbri:, deɪ-, ˈdeɪˌbri: /

•

UK / dəˈbri, de-, ˈdeˌbri /

noun
Remains of something broken or destroyed

finally

US / ˈfaɪnəli /

•

UK / ˈfaɪnəli /

adverb
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
After a long time or some difficulty

ones

US / wʌnz /

•

UK / wʌnz /

number
Number 1, a single person or thing

universe

US / ˈju:nɪvɜ:s /

•

UK / ˈjunəˌvɚs /

noun
All of space that contains planets and stars
Things surrounding a person, affecting their life

seasonally

US / ˈsiːzənli /

•

UK / ˈsizənəli /

adverb
At a particular time of year

mention

US / 'menʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɛnʃən /

noun
Act of referring to or talking about something
verb
To refer to or talk or write about something

juan

US / hwɑːn; ˈdʒuːən /

•

UK / wɑːn; hwɑːn /

also

US / 'ɔ:lsəʊ /

•

UK / ˈɔlso /

adverb
In addition; too; in a similar way

open

US / 'əʊpən /

•

UK / ˈopən /

adjecitve
Available for use; accessible
Not being hidden; available for others to see
Being available for customers to enter or use
Allowing everyone to use or take part in
Not secret anymore
Not closed or shut
Willing to accept new ideas and thoughts
noun
Name for a tennis or golf competition
verb
To make accessible or able to be used, e.g. road
To start the activities or services of a business
To make a space or hole appear in something
To move or change so that it is no longer closed
To start something, e.g. a new business

body

US / ˈbɒd.i /

•

UK / ˈbɑdi /

noun
An object distinct from other objects
A group of people involved in an activity together
Main part of something
A person's physical self

lucky

US / 'lʌkɪ /

•

UK / ˈlʌki /

adjecitve
Fortunate; having good things happen by chance

favourite

US / ˈfeɪvərɪt /

•

UK / 'fevərɪt /

adjecitve
Best liked or most enjoyed
noun
A thing that someone likes best or enjoys most

alone

US / ə'ləʊn /

•

UK / əˈlon /

adjecitve
Apart from others
Without equal
adverb
Without anyone or anything else

order

US / 'ɔ:də(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔrdɚ /

noun
Religious or social group, as of nuns
Instructions to others to do what you want
State in which things are neat and organized
What you ask to buy, e.g. food in restaurant
Social or political control of an area
verb
To put things in a sequence, e.g. a, b, c
To give instructions to others to do what you want
To ask for something you want to buy, e.g. a meal

surface

US / 'sɜ:fɪs /

•

UK / ˈsɚfəs /

adjecitve
Of the top layer; not deep or meaningful
noun
Top layer of the ground or of water
Nature or emotions that show, but may not be true
Outside or upper layer of something
verb
To give (road) a top layer
To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
To come to the top of something; emerge
To come to the top level of water, mud, etc.

rock

US / rɒk /

•

UK / rɑk /

noun
Type of popular music with a strong, loud beat
Strong, tough person who can be relied upon
Big stone; hard, solid substance forming mountains
verb
To be greatly upset by something, e.g. a death
To be extremely effective or pleasing
To play, sing along with, or dance to heavy music
To move back and forth or from side to side

annie

US / ˈæni /

•

UK / ˈæni /

mobile

US / 'məʊbaɪl /

•

UK / ˈmoʊbl /

adjecitve
Able to be moved or able to move
noun
Personal phone you take with you wherever you go

you

US / jʊ /

•

UK / ju /

pronoun
Person someone is speaking or writing to
Person or people in general

little

US / 'lɪtl /

•

UK / ˈlɪtl /

adjecitve
Being short in length of time
Not great in size, amount, or degree; small
Being very young or younger than others
adverb
By an amount or degree that is not very much
Not often; rarely
noun
A person's name

john

US / dʒɔn /

•

UK / dʒɑn /

noun
A toilet.
A prostitute's client.
proper noun
(1165–1216), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; king of England 1199–1216; known as John Lack
The name of six kings of Portugal.

one

US / wʌn /

•

UK / wʌn /

pronoun
You; we; people in general; someone
The thing or person previously referred to
adjecitve
Used to refer to people generally
Being a strong example of (something mentioned)
number
Number 1

material

US / məˈtɪəriəl /

•

UK / məˈtɪriəl /

adjecitve
Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
Belonging to the world of physical things
noun
Cloth; fabric
Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
Substance from which a thing is made of

may

US / meɪ /

•

UK / me /

noun
5th month of the year
other
Used to express a desire
Expresses permission, possibility or probability
Used to show that a thing could be true

adapt

US / ə'dæpt /

•

UK / əˈdæpt /

verb
To change something for a different function
To change something to fit or suit a new purpose

wet

US / wet /

•

UK / wɛt /

adjecitve
Concerning a bar that serves or sells alcohol
Having or experiencing a great deal of rain
Containing water or liquid; not dry
verb
To accidentally pee in clothes or a bed

lander

US / 'lændə /

•

UK / 'lændə /

other
A space vehicle that is designed to land on the moon or another planet

genetic

US / dʒəˈnetɪk /

•

UK / dʒəˈnɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Of, relating to, or controlled by genes

genuinely

US / 'dʒenjʊɪnlɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒɛnjʊɪnlɪ /

adverb
In a real, actual, not false or artificial way

core

US / kɔ:(r) /

•

UK / kɔr, kor /

noun
Important central part of something
verb
To take out the central section of a fruit

natural

US / ˈnætʃərəl /

•

UK / ˈnætʃərəl, ˈnætʃrəl /

adjecitve
Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
Not made by humans; without human intervention

physical

US / ˈfɪzɪkl /

•

UK / ˈfɪzɪkəl /

adjecitve
Concerning the body of a person
Concerning things that can be seen or touched
noun
Health check at the doctors' or hospital

mar

US / mɑ:(r) /

•

UK / mɑ:r /

noun
3rd month of the year
verb
To spoil the appearance/atmosphere of something

deep

US / di:p /

•

UK / dip /

adjecitve
Complex and important
Extreme or intense
Going far down from the surface
Low in pitch, as a sound
adverb
At a certain distance beneath the surface

make

US / meɪk /

•

UK / mek /

noun
Product made by a particular company; brand
verb
To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
To get to (a place) on time
To gain the status of (teacher, lawyer, etc.)
To create something by putting things together
To earn a certain amount of money at a job
To cause or force a person to do something
To cause something to happen or be formed

other

US / 'ʌðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈʌðər /

adjecitve
A thing different from that mentioned
determiner
(Something) else; not the first (one)
pronoun
Being the one and only thing of that category

into

US / 'ɪntə /

•

UK / ˈɪntu /

preposition
Moving or going inside something
In the same direction as; in the direction of
So as to become; taking the state of

lineage

US / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈlɪniɪdʒ /

noun
People in someone's family who lived in the past

year

US / jə: /

•

UK / jɪr /

noun
Unit of time equal to 12 months or 365 or 366 days
Used to refer to the age of a person

teach

US / ti:tʃ /

•

UK / titʃ /

verb
To help someone learn or do something

word

US / wɜ:d /

•

UK / wɚd /

noun
Unit of language that has a meaning
Promise
Short remark or piece of information
verb
To express something by choosing particular words

how

US / haʊ /

•

UK / haʊ /

adjecitve
To what degree? in what amount?
adverb
(Used to explain the way to do something)
exclamation
For what purpose or reason?
(Used to ask someone or something's condition)

bad

US / bæd /

•

UK / bæd /

adjecitve
Not good; wrong
Lacking in good morals; evil
No longer fresh; spoiled

expose

US / ɪk'spəʊz /

•

UK / ɪkˈspoʊz /

noun
News article revealing secret information
verb
To make visible, without covering or protection
To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
To be talked about in the media
To make a secret known to the public
To experience something, often a harmful thing

half

US / hɑ:f /

•

UK / hæf, hɑf /

adjecitve
Not complete
adverb
Partly; somewhat
noun
One of two equal periods of game time in a sport
The part you get when one is divided into two;

downstream

US / ˌdaʊn'stri:m /

•

UK / ˈdaʊnˌstrim /

adverb
In the direction of a stream's current

radically

US / 'rædɪklɪ /

•

UK / ˈrædɪkl:ɪ /

adverb
Completely or extremely

suggest

US / səˈdʒest /

•

UK / səɡˈdʒɛst, səˈdʒɛst /

verb
To mention something that could be done; propose

play

US / pleɪ /

•

UK / pleɪ /

noun
Loose, free movement between two objects
Single action in a sports game
Performance in which people act in a theater
verb
To act as a character in a movie, or on stage
To perform music on an instrument
To use a device, e.g. a video game
To do something for enjoyment and fun
To do or perform a game or sport

this

US / ðɪs /

•

UK / ðɪs /

adjecitve
Used to indicate something already been discussed
Used to indicate something happening around now
adverb
An indication by a physical motion or gesture
A specific amount of
determiner
Person, thing, or idea near you
pronoun
Person, thing that has already been discussed

strip

US / strɪp /

•

UK / strɪp /

noun
Long narrow piece, such as ribbon or land
verb
To remove your clothes (often sexily for someone)
To remove something, e.g. paint from a wall
To take property, dignity away from (someone)

basil

US / ˈbæzl /

•

UK / ˈbæzəl,ˈbezəl /

noun
Green mint herb with broad leaves used in cooking

simply

US / ˈsɪmpli /

•

UK / ˈsɪmpli /

adverb
In an easy or clear manner

live

US / lɪv /

•

UK / liv /

adjecitve
Being broadcast as events happen, not recorded
Carrying electric current; able to give a shock
Glowing because burning; hot
Not yet killed (for food)
adverb
(Music, drama) as it is performed
verb
To be alive
To experience a particular type of life
To make your home in a house or town

entire

US / ɪn'taɪə(r) /

•

UK / ɛnˈtaɪr /

adjecitve
Complete or full; with no part left out; whole

chemical

US / ˈkemɪkl /

•

UK / ˈkɛmɪkəl /

adjecitve
Made of various elements
noun
Basic substance produced by mixing elements

wanderer

US / ˈwɒndərə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɑ:ndərə(r) /

noun
Someone who leads a wandering unsettled life

climate

US / ˈklaɪmət /

•

UK / ˈklaɪmɪt /

noun
Typical weather conditions in a particular place

might

US / maɪt /

•

UK / maɪt /

other
Used to politely request an action
Used to express that something could happen
Power, strength, force or influence

than

US / ðən /

•

UK / ðən /

conjunction
Used to compare two things that are not equal

three

US / θri: /

•

UK / θri /

number
Number 3

sediment

US / ˈsedɪmənt /

•

UK / ˈsɛdəmənt /

noun
Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid

map

US / mæp /

•

UK / mæp /

noun
Diagram showing the geography of an area
verb
To draw a diagram to show the geography of an area
To find points of similarity between things

answer

US / 'ɑ:nsə(r) /

•

UK / ˈænsɚ /

noun
Reply to a question someone asks
Solution to a problem or test question
verb
To reply to a question someone asks
To solve a test question or a problem

big

US / bɪɡ /

•

UK / bɪɡ /

adjecitve
Popular
Serious
Large

epic

US / 'epɪk /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪk /

adjecitve
Going on for a long time; awe-inspiring
noun
A long story, often about many people and events

wow

US / waʊ /

•

UK / waʊ /

exclamation
Sound people make when they make are impressed
verb
(Informal) to greatly impress someone

the

US / ðə /

•

UK / ðə /

article
Used to refer to something already mentioned
Used to show there is only one of something
determiner
Used to describe all of a family

below

US / bɪ'ləʊ /

•

UK / bɪˈlo /

preposition
In a lower position, place, or level

move

US / mu:v /

•

UK / muv /

noun
Act of moving a playing piece in chess, etc.
An action; doing something
Step taken to achieve a goal
verb
To cause someone to have certain emotions
To cause something to change to a different place
To change where people live or a business operates
To take action to do or achieve something

evidence

US / 'evɪdəns /

•

UK / ˈɛvɪdəns /

noun
Factual proof that helps to establish the truth

all

US / ɔ:l /

•

UK / ɔl /

adverb
Completely; totally
determiner
Being every one of something
pronoun
100% of something; the complete amount

human

US / 'hju:mən /

•

UK / ˈhjumən /

adjecitve
Concerning or characteristic of people
noun
A person; a man, woman or child

thank

US / θæŋk /

•

UK / θæŋk /

verb
To tell someone you are grateful to them

underlie

US / ˌʌndəˈlaɪ /

•

UK / ˌʌndərˈlaɪ /

verb
To be the basis, foundation or cause of something
To lie or exist beneath

look

US / lʊk /

•

UK / lʊk /

noun
Person's beauty or physical attractiveness
Particular style of dress, clothes, or appearance
The way someone, something appears to be
Act of searching for or examining something
verb
To appear to be; seem

hank

US / hæŋk /

•

UK / hæŋk /

other
A coil of rope or wool or yarn

divine

US / dɪ'vaɪn /

•

UK / dɪˈvaɪn /

adjecitve
Concerning or coming from God or a god
Being very good or wonderful
verb
To predict through feeling and without reason

their

US / ðɛː /

•

UK / ðer /

determiner
Belonging to them

carve

US / kɑ:v /

•

UK / kɑ:rv /

verb
To cut a piece of cooked meat into thin slices
To make a cut in, e.g. to write your name on tree
To cut wood, etc., into a particular shape

strange

US / streɪndʒ /

•

UK / strendʒ /

adjecitve
Unusual or odd; surprising because unexpected

protective

US / prəˈtektɪv /

•

UK / prəˈtɛktɪv /

adjecitve
Serving to defend against harm or danger

biology

US / baɪˈɒlədʒi /

•

UK / baɪˈɑlədʒi /

noun
The study of living things

space

US / speɪs /

•

UK / spes /

noun
Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
Empty area with nothing in it
Area in the sky where the stars are
Area between written words on a page
verb
To make a certain distance or time between

common

US / 'kɒmən /

•

UK / ˈkɑmən /

adjecitve
Shared; Belonging to or used by everyone
Typical, normal; not unusual
noun
Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
Field near a village owned by the local community

possible

US / ˈpɒsəbl /

•

UK / ˈpɑsəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able or appropriate for a task or purpose
Having a chance of happening, or being true

miss

US / mɪs /

•

UK / mɪs /

noun
Action of not hitting something or someone
Form of address to unmarried girl or woman
verb
To be absent
To fail to hit something e.g. a ball
To do without something
To fail to see or sense something
To fail to understand someone's message
To be too late to ride on something e.g. train
To feel you want to see someone who is not there

ago

US / əˈgəʊ /

•

UK / əˈgoʊ /

adverb
At a specified length of time in the past

act

US / ækt /

•

UK / ækt /

noun
What someone did; action; behavior
A law or rule passed by a government we must obey
One of the parts that a stage play is divided into
verb
To behave in a certain way
To perform on a stage or in a movie

cap

US / kæp /

•

UK / kæp /

noun
Covering for the end or top of something
Small, soft hat often with a front visor or shade
An upper limit on the amount of (e.g. budget)
verb
To cover the top or end of an object
To limit the amount of usage of something

kilometre

US / ˈkɪləmi:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈkɪləmiːtər /

noun
A metric unit of length equal to 1000 metres

journey

US / 'dʒɜ:nɪ /

•

UK / ˈdʒɚni /

noun
Act of traveling from one place to another; trip
verb
To travel through a place

show

US / ʃəʊ /

•

UK / ʃo /

noun
False display of love, emotion or action
An event for displaying or promoting goods
Play, opera or theater production
Presentation that is broadcast on TV or radio
verb
To be easily seen or displayed
To display your emotions or feelings
To let someone see something; display
To explain or teach how something is done
To lead someone somewhere; point them to something
To prove something to be true, correct
To reveal or allow something to be seen

return

US / rɪ'tɜ:n /

•

UK / rɪ'tɜ:rn /

adjecitve
Do again; repeated
noun
Faulty or unwanted product sent back to a company
Enter key; the main key on the computer keyboard
Profit made as a result of a business activity
Process of going back to a previous way or state
verb
To hit something back to the other player or team
To come back after being away from somewhere
To repay someone's actions, kindness etc.
To put, bring, take, give, or send something back
To occur again

change

US / tʃeɪndʒ /

•

UK / tʃendʒ /

noun
Exchange of one set of clothes for another
Money in the form of coins instead of paper
Money returned after giving too much
Act of making or becoming something else
verb
To exchange one set of clothes for another
To exchange one kind of money for another
To replace something with another thing
To make or become something else
To go from one train, bus, etc. and go to another

billion

US / ˈbɪljən /

•

UK / ˈbɪljən /

noun
Number 1,000,000,000

insulate

US / 'ɪnsjʊleɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪnsəˌlet, ˈɪnsjə- /

verb
To prevent heat, electricity, sound from passing
To protect from a particular influence or danger

travel

US / ˈtrævl /

•

UK / ˈtrævəl /

noun
Going to other places, esp. distant places
verb
To go to a place that is far away

they

US / ðeɪ /

•

UK / ðe /

pronoun
Two or more people, animals, or things

result

US / rɪ'zʌlt /

•

UK / rɪˈzʌlt /

noun
Something produced through tests or experiments
Final score of a competition, election or game
verb
To be the outcome of other causes and effects

rocky

US / 'rɒkɪ /

•

UK / ˈrɑki /

adjecitve
(Of a marriage, etc.) involving many difficulties
With abundant rocks or stones

nature

US / 'neɪtʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnetʃɚ /

noun
Person's character or particular way of behaving
Basic look, feel or function of something
Physical world, including plants, animals, rocks

option

US / 'ɒpʃn /

•

UK / ˈɑpʃən /

noun
A choice
Right to buy or sell at a certain price and time

fast

US / fɑ:st /

•

UK / fæst /

adjecitve
In a way that is difficult to move or change
Moving or able to move quickly
Showing time that is later than the actual time
adverb
With a great deal of speed
noun
Period of time when a person chooses not to eat
verb
To refuse food for a long time

bring

US / brɪŋ /

•

UK / brɪŋ /

verb
To take or go with someone to a place

lake

US / leɪk /

•

UK / lek /

noun
Large area of water surrounded by land

figure

US / ˈfiɡə /

•

UK / ˈfɪɡjɚ /

noun
Your body shape
Numbers in a calculation
Doll-like thing meant to represent a person
Picture or diagram giving information in a text
Person who is very important or famous
Shape of a person seen indistinctly or in outline
Amount that is expressed in numbers
verb
To appear in a game, play or event
To calculate how much something will cost
To understand after thinking; work out

neither

US / ˈnaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈniðɚ, ˈnaɪ- /

adjecitve
Not one or the other not either none of two things
adverb
Similarly not, also not
conjunction
Not in either case
determiner
Not one or the other
pronoun
Not either one

huge

US / hju:dʒ /

•

UK / hjudʒ /

adjecitve
Very very large

transformation

US / ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃn /

noun
A complete change in shape or form of something

solar

US / 'səʊlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsolɚ /

adjecitve
Concerning the sun, or its heat

produce

US / prə'dju:s /

•

UK / prəˈdus, -ˈdjus, pro- /

noun
Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
verb
To grow something naturally
To make something appear
To manufacture something using machines
To control the making a movie or television show

both

US / bəuθ /

•

UK / boθ /

determiner
Used to refer to two things at the same time
pronoun
Used to refer to two things at the same time

feature

US / 'fi:tʃə(r) /

•

UK / ˈfitʃɚ /

adjecitve
Main; important
noun
Special report in a magazine or paper
Distinctive or important point of something
verb
To highlight or give special importance to

work

US / wɜ:k /

•

UK / wɚk /

adjecitve
Activity completed in order to make money
noun
The product of some artistic or literary endeavor
Everything created by an author, artist, musician
Activity you do in order to make money
Place of employment
Final product or result of a some labor or effort
verb
To bring into a specific state of success
To be functioning properly, e.g. a car
To do your job in your company or workplace
To make an effort to do something
To operate a machine or device

dry

US / draɪ /

•

UK / draɪ /

adjecitve
(Of humor) clever, but not obvious; ironic
Without water; not wet
(Of wine, etc.) not sweet
Without butter or jam
verb
To remove liquid or water from something

old

US / əʊld /

•

UK / old /

adjecitve
Having existed for a long time, not young or new
Age of a person since birth

gain

US / ɡeɪn /

•

UK / ɡen /

noun
An increase in something, such as weight
verb
To increase in something, such as weight
To get something wanted, needed or valued

red

US / red /

•

UK / rɛd /

adjecitve
Being the color of blood

super

US / ˈsu:pə(r) /

•

UK / ˈsupɚ /

adjecitve
Of the highest quality; great; marvelous

take

US / teɪk /

•

UK / tek /

noun
Filming of a single scene for TV or the movies
verb
To accept something that is offered
To use a method of traveling, e.g. a bus or train
To use a camera to make (a photo)
To pick up something and go away with it
To study a subject in school
To attempt to pass (an exam)
To require a certain amount of time, money, space

its

US / ɪts /

•

UK / ɪts /

adjecitve
Referring to or belonging to ‘it’
determiner
Of something; belonging or related to something
other
Possessive form of “it”

microbial

US / maɪ'krəʊbɪəl /

•

UK / maɪ'kroʊbɪrl /

adjecitve
Concerning, involving or caused by being microbes

very

US / 'verɪ /

•

UK / ˈvɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning a large degree or amount
adverb
A lot; much; many
Used to stress or emphasize a noun

several

US / ˈsevrəl /

•

UK / ˈsɛvərəl,ˈsɛvrəl /

adjecitve
Many of
pronoun
More than two but not a large amount

spot

US / spɒt /

•

UK / spɑt /

noun
A certain place or area
A difficult time; awkward situation
Place or ranking on a list
A small amount of (substance help hard work etc.)
Mark caused by a drop of liquid, food, etc.
verb
To see someone or something by chance

way

US / weɪ /

•

UK / we /

adverb
Used to emphasize the amount of something
noun
Particular aspect of something being thought about
One of various choices that could be made
Particular existing condition or state
(Often long) distance or length of time
How something is done
Route to go to a place
Small street
Usual behavior, emotions or habits of someone

stuck

US / stʌk /

•

UK / stʌk /

adjecitve
Not able to move
verb
To push a sharp or pointed object into something
To join together using glue or paste
To remain in one place or position for a long time

after

US / 'ɑ:ftə(r) /

•

UK / ˈæftɚ /

adverb
Later than another time, or behind something
conjunction
Following something before
preposition
When an event happened or time has passed

valley

US / 'vælɪ /

•

UK / ˈvæli /

noun
Area between mountains with river running through

violence

US / ˈvaɪələns /

•

UK / ˈvaɪələns /

noun
Strong physical force of nature
Use of physical force to harm someone

particle

US / ˈpɑ:tɪkl /

•

UK / ˈpɑrtɪkəl /

noun
Adverb or preposition that joins with a verb
Tiny piece or quantity of something

countless

US / ˈkaʊntləs /

•

UK / ˈkaʊntlɪs /

adjecitve
Being too many to be numbered or imagined

exactly

US / ɪgˈzæktli /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæktli /

adverb
No more and no less than; precisely

point

US / pɔɪnt /

•

UK / pɔɪnt /

noun
An item to be discussed
Small spot or dot
Fact or detail
Feature of something
The size of the text on a page or screen
A certain time or stage in a process
Certain position in time or space
Idea or fact you try to convince people about
Measurement of scores in a game, sport
Sharp end of something, e.g. a pen or pin
verb
To face a certain direction, e.g. north
To indicate something with your finger to others

team

US / ti:m /

•

UK / tim /

noun
Group of people working on a task together
Group of people playing a sport together

while

US / waɪl /

•

UK / hwaɪl, waɪl /

conjunction
In spite of the fact that; although
During the time that; at the same time
noun
Short amount of time

plus

US / plʌs /

•

UK / plʌs /

noun
A benefit or advantage
preposition
In addition; add
In addition to; Indicates a number above
Having a value greater than zero

clue

US / klu: /

•

UK / klu /

noun
Information that helps explain something; hint

visit

US / ˈvɪzɪt /

•

UK / ˈvɪzɪt /

noun
Trip to a place for a time, usually for a reason
verb
To go to a place for a time, usually for a reason

actually

US / ˈæktʃuəli /

•

UK / ˈæktʃuəli /

adverb
Used to add new (often different) information

liquid

US / ˈlɪkwɪd /

•

UK / ˈlɪkwɪd /

adjecitve
(Of wealth) being able to be spent as cash
In a state of being uncertain
Moving in a flowing manner, like water or oil
noun
Something that is similar to the state of water

biosphere

US / ˈbaɪəʊsfɪə(r) /

•

UK / ˈbaɪoʊsfɪr /

noun
Surface and atmosphere where living organisms are

inside

US / ˌɪn'saɪd /

•

UK / ɪnˈsaɪd, ˈɪnˌsaɪd /

adjecitve
Being in something
Being in a building
adverb
Into a house; indoors
noun
Inner part or surface of something

rover

US / ˈrəʊvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈroʊvə(r) /

noun
Someone who leads a wandering unsettled life

many

US / 'menɪ /

•

UK / ˈmɛni /

determiner
Used to refer a large number of things

itself

US / ɪtˈself /

•

UK / ɪtˈsɛlf /

pronoun
Referring to it

thick

US / θɪk /

•

UK / θɪk /

adjecitve
Difficult to see through, as fog
Full of (people, etc.)
(Of a liquid) that moves or pours slowly
Stupid; not smart
(Of person's accent) hard to understand
Having a large distance between two surfaces

bed

US / bed /

•

UK / bɛd /

noun
Flat bottom surface of a lake, ocean etc.
A piece of furniture that people sleep on
An area on which other things are put
Area of ground to grow vegetables or flowers
verb
To have sex with someone
To plant, fix, or attach something firmly to

age

US / eɪdʒ /

•

UK / edʒ /

verb
To keep food, wine for a long time to improve it
To get older
noun
Period of time in history
Number of years a person or thing has lived

planetary

US / ˈplænətri /

•

UK / ˈplænɪˌtɛri /

adjecitve
Concerning the orbital characteristics of a planet

speculate

US / ˈspekjuleɪt /

•

UK / ˈspɛkjəˌlet /

verb
To take risks that might lead to big profits
To predict or guess what is possible or likely

either

US / ˈaɪðə(r) /

•

UK / ˈiðɚ, ˈaɪðɚ /

adjecitve
One of two (used when there is a choice of two)
adverb
(After negative statements) likewise, in addition
conjunction
Used as the first of two connected things
determiner
Used as the first of two connected things
pronoun
The one or the other

relate

US / rɪ'leɪt /

•

UK / rɪˈlet /

verb
To demonstrate a logical relationship between
To understand or sympathize with, e.g. a problem
To tell a story, or tell about a particular event

surround

US / səˈraʊnd /

•

UK / səˈraʊnd /

other
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
verb
To be all the way around something
To be closely connected to and have an effect on
To move closer on all sides of something

too

US / tu: /

•

UK / tu /

adverb
In addition, also; with emphasis
Say that something is more than you want

processes

US / ˈprəʊsesɪz , prəˈsesɪz /

•

UK / ˈprɑːsesɪz , prəˈsesɪz /

other
Sets of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

intriguing

US / ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ /

•

UK / ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ /

adjecitve
Interesting; arousing your curiosity or wonder
verb
To make someone interested or curious

use

US / ju:s /

•

UK / ju:s /

noun
Ability to employ something
Need to enable it to work
Permission to do something with something
Act of spending money
Operation of a machine for its function
verb
To have; to eat, drink, consume etc.
To need to operate or work
To operate a machine, e.g. a computer
To treat a person badly
To do something with, for a task or purpose

extreme

US / ɪk'stri:m /

•

UK / ɪkˈstrim /

adjecitve
Very great in degree
Farthest from a center
Very severe; very strong
noun
Effort that is thought more than is necessary

reason

US / 'ri:zn /

•

UK / ˈrizən /

noun
Ability to think about facts and form a judgment
Explanation for why something occurred or was done
verb
To think and make conclusions in a logical manner

once

US / wʌns /

•

UK / wʌns /

adverb
One time; one instance
At a time in the past
conjunction
When; as soon as

past

US / pɑ:st /

•

UK / pæst /

adjecitve
No longer current or new
adverb
So as to go beyond, or further than something
noun
Time that existed before now, e.g. long ago
preposition
After a particular time
At a later point in distance; beyond

retain

US / rɪ'teɪn /

•

UK / rɪˈten /

verb
To continue to have or use; keep the quality of
To keep one thing inside another for a time
To memorize information

prehistoric

US / ˌpri:hɪˈstɒrɪk /

•

UK / ˌpri:hɪˈstɔ:rɪk /

adjecitve
Relating to the period before written history
Out-dated; very old-fashioned

fairly

US / 'feəlɪ /

•

UK / ˈfɛrli /

adverb
Quite; pretty; between very and a little
In a manner that is right and acceptable

always

US / 'ɔ:lweɪz /

•

UK / ˈɔlwez,-wɪz,-wiz /

adverb
For a very long time
At all times; in every situation
For ever

new

US / nju: /

•

UK / nu, nju /

adjecitve
Not old, recently born, built or made
Being or doing something for the first time
Not felt, seen or known previously
Having been recently bought or obtained

totally

US / ˈtəʊtəli /

•

UK / ˈtotl:ɪ /

adverb
In a complete way; completely; absolutely

geological

US / ˌdʒi:ə'lɒdʒɪkl /

•

UK / dʒɪəˈlɑdʒɪkl: /

adjecitve
Concerning studies of the Earth's rocks and soil

submit

US / səbˈmɪt /

•

UK / səbˈmɪt /

verb
To accept a superior force has power over you

story

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building
Account or description of how something happened

definitive

US / dɪˈfɪnətɪv /

•

UK / dɪˈfɪnɪtɪv /

adjecitve
Clear and leaving no further question

higgins

US / haɪə'rəɡlɪfs /

•

UK / haɪə'rəɡlɪfs /

persist

US / pə'sɪst /

•

UK / pɚˈsɪst, -ˈzɪst /

verb
To continue a course of action despite opposition

lose

US / lu:z /

•

UK / luz /

verb
To be unable to keep in check or control something
To decrease in value or quantity (e.g. weight)
To stop having certain qualities or abilities
To stop having or being entitled to
To fail to win something that is being contested
To be unable to find something you once had
To be dependent on someone (used with 'not')

mission

US / 'mɪʃn /

•

UK / ˈmɪʃən /

noun
A task or role someone is given to do
Special assignment given to a person or group
Group tasked with a specific duty
A task given to someone to gain or achieve
Religious group wishing to convert others
Housing for a religious group working overseas
Religious or charitable task in a foreign country

episode

US / 'epɪsəʊd /

•

UK / ˈɛpɪˌsod /

noun
One separate event in a series of events
Show which is part of a larger story

dust

US / dʌst /

•

UK / dʌst /

noun
Fine dry powder that builds up on surfaces
verb
To apply a fine powder to, e.g. sugar to a cake
To wipe something to remove dirt

magnetize

US / ˈmægnətaɪz /

•

UK / ˈmæɡnɪˌtaɪz /

verb
To give metal objects power to attract each other

sure

US / ʃʊə(r) /

•

UK / ʃʊr /

adjecitve
Having no doubts about something
Have confidence in your own words or actions
Firmly established or held; being firm or stable
Being correct or true
adverb
What you say to agree willingly

perk

US / pɜ:k /

•

UK / pɜ:rk /

noun
An advantage or something extra, such as money or goods, that you are given because of your job
verb
To suddenly get more energy

switch

US / swɪtʃ /

•

UK / swɪtʃ /

noun
A change or shift from one method to another
Thing you move to turn electrical items on or off
Thin flexible piece of wood or stick
verb
To exchange or replace something for another thing

here

US / hɪə(r) /

•

UK / hɪr /

adverb
In this place; at this location, position or time

sometime

US / ˈsʌmtaɪm /

•

UK / ˈsʌmˌtaɪm /

adjecitve
At an unknown time in the future

will

US / wɪl /

•

UK / wɪl /

noun
Desire or choice of someone
Document saying who gets your money when you die
Strong desire to do something; determination
Desire to do something; strong wish to do
other
Used with verbs to express the future
verb
To leave property to someone after your death
To use mental effort to make something happen
Am (is, are) likely to do
To influence someone to do something
To make something happen by strongly wanting it

same

US / seɪm /

•

UK / sem /

adjecitve
Being equal in quality and amount
Identical; not different
Not changing; constant

good

US / ɡʊd /

•

UK / ɡʊd /

adjecitve
Proper, appropriate or right
(Of an amount) enough; plenty
Excellent; high quality
Acting well or properly; of moral character
In a positive or happy emotional state
noun
Advantage or benefit

magnetic

US / mægˈnetɪk /

•

UK / mæɡˈnɛtɪk /

adjecitve
Having the properties of a magnet; able to attract
Being able to attract
Having great power to attract attention, interest

north

US / nɔ:θ /

•

UK / nɔ:rθ /

adjecitve
Coming from the opposite direction to the south
noun
Direction to your left when facing the rising sun

understand

US / ˌʌndə'stænd /

•

UK / ˌʌndɚˈstænd /

verb
To know the meaning of language, what someone says

insight

US / 'ɪnsaɪt /

•

UK / ˈɪnˌsaɪt /

noun
Power to understand people and things very well
Very good understanding of something

biochemistry

US / ˌbaɪəʊ'kemɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˌbaɪoˈkɛmɪstri /

noun
Science of chemical processes in living things

necessary

US / 'nesəsərɪ /

•

UK / ˈnɛsɪˌsɛri /

adjecitve
Needed or required; unavoidable

molten

US / ˈməʊltən /

•

UK / ˈmoʊltən /

adjecitve
(Of rock, metal) liquid due to being melted

host

US / həʊst /

•

UK / host /

noun
Mass; a great number
Person who entertains guests
Plant or animal on or in which parasites live
Presenter on a television or radio program
verb
To be the sponsor of an event, e.g. the Olympics
To lead or start a party, program, or other event
To lead a TV or radio show as the announcer

formation

US / fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn /

•

UK / fɔ:rˈmeɪʃn /

noun
Process of creating; making a particular shape

carry

US / ˈkæri /

•

UK / ˈkæri /

verb
To have a child, be pregnant
To have a disease you might give to others
(Of stores) to sell a particular product
To hold something and move it to another place
To travel a long distance (sound)
To support the weight or burden of something

rafael

US / /

•

UK / /

size

US / saɪz /

•

UK / saɪz /

noun
How big or small a thing is
Standard measurements for clothing, shoes
verb
To make something to fit a particular measurement
To organize or group from small to large

underground

US / ˈʌndəgraʊnd /

•

UK / ˈʌndərgraʊnd /

adjecitve
(Being or living) under the surface of the earth
noun
Secret group organized to overthrow a government
Subway system, e.g. in London

collect

US / kəˈlekt /

•

UK / kəˈlɛkt /

adverb
By asking the receiver of a call to pay for it
verb
To ask for money, e.g. for a charity
To gather things, people together in one place
To get and keep one type of things as a hobby
To take things and bring them together
To go and receive, e.g. a prize or an award
To take control of your own feelings or thoughts

not

US / nɒt /

•

UK / nɑt /

adverb
Word indicating the negative
(Used to form the negative of verbs)

dream

US / dri:m /

•

UK / drim /

noun
A wish or hope for something to happen
Imagination or image of something you want
Images, thoughts, feelings experienced when asleep
verb
To wish for something to happen
To experience thoughts, images while asleep

dot

US / dɒt /

•

UK / dɑt /

noun
Small round mark
verb
To place small amounts/things in various places
To mark something by placing a small, round spot

effect

US / ɪ'fekt /

•

UK / ɪˈfɛkt /

noun
An advantage, benefit
Change brought about by a cause; result

herb

US / hɜ:b /

•

UK / ɜ:rb /

noun
Small leafy plant used in medicines or food

give

US / ɡɪv /

•

UK / ɡɪv /

noun
Degree of flexibility in something, a material
verb
To hand over or present something to someone
To cause someone to have or experience something

recent

US / 'ri:snt /

•

UK / ˈrisənt /

adjecitve
Happening or beginning not long ago

reddish

US / 'redɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈrɛdɪʃ /

adjecitve
Being slightly red

vanish

US / 'vænɪʃ /

•

UK / ˈvænɪʃ /

verb
To disappear in a sudden and mysterious way

survive

US / sə'vaɪv /

•

UK / sɚˈvaɪv /

verb
To continue to live despite illness or trouble

raw

US / rɔ: /

•

UK / rɔ /

adjecitve
Being uncontrolled or strong, as your emotions
Being inexperienced
Being in a natural or unchanged state
(Of skin) being red and sore on the surface
(Of foods) uncooked

now

US / naʊ /

•

UK / naʊ /

adverb
At the present time or moment
Right away or in the next possible moment
Used to refer to something that just happened
Time between the present and a moment in the past
conjunction
Resulting from or because of something

opportunity

US / ˌɒpə'tju:nətɪ /

•

UK / ˌɑpɚˈtunɪti, -ˈtju- /

noun
Time, situation when a thing might be done; chance

really

US / ˈri:əli /

•

UK / ˈriəˌli, ˈrili /

adverb
Used to stress something that is said; definitely
In a true or accurate manner
Very

cloud

US / klaʊd /

•

UK / klaʊd /

noun
A mass of smoke or mist hanging in the air
verb
To confuse the mind/judgment of a person
(Of the sky) to get darker and fill with clouds
To make (glass, etc.) difficult to see through
To make an activity less pleasant or enjoyable
(Of person's face, etc.) to show worry/anger

thin

US / θɪn /

•

UK / θɪn /

adjecitve
Flowing with ease; with a high percentage of water
(Of air) having little oxygen
Being or growing far apart in small amounts
Not thick; not wide in size
Having little flesh or fat on the body
Being weak or useless
verb
To make flow more easily by adding water or liquid

telescope

US / ˈtelɪskəʊp /

•

UK / ˈtelɪskoʊp /

noun
Tube-shaped device used to see a great distance
verb
To shorten by compacting tubes inside each other

US / səb'skraɪb /

•

UK / səbˈskraɪb /

verb
To regularly pay to receive a service

but

US / bət /

•

UK / bʌt,bət /

conjunction
Used before you say something different, opposite

nearly

US / ˈniəli /

•

UK / ˈnɪrli /

adverb
Not completely; almost

life

US / laɪf /

•

UK / laɪf /

noun
All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
Period of time things live, from birth to death

planet

US / 'plænɪt /

•

UK / ˈplænɪt /

noun
One of the bodies that orbit the sun

resilient

US / rɪ'zɪlɪənt /

•

UK / rɪˈzɪljənt /

adjecitve
Recovering quickly from something bad

freeze

US / fri:z /

•

UK / friz /

noun
Sudden stop to prevent increase or decreases
Period of very cold weather under zero degrees
verb
To harden to a solid below zero degrees
To store an item of food in a cold place
To make someone to not want to communicate
To stop moving and be still; stay the same

become

US / bɪ'kʌm /

•

UK / bɪˈkʌm /

verb
To begin to be; grow to be; develop into
To be suitable for a particular job or role

potentially

US / pə'tenʃəlɪ /

•

UK / pəˈtɛnʃəlɪ /

adverb
That could happen or become reality

convect

US / kən'vekt /

•

UK / kən'vekt /

other
Circulate hot air by convection

study

US / 'stʌdɪ /

•

UK / ˈstʌdi /

noun
Room that a person studies or reads in
Piece of research
Topic or subject you research or learn about
verb
To focus on learning something usually at school

relationship

US / rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp /

•

UK / rɪˈleʃənˌʃɪp /

noun
Connection between two or more people or things
Way people interact or live with each other
Romantic or loving friendship between two people

video

US / 'vɪdɪəʊ /

•

UK / ˈvɪdiˌo /

adjecitve
Of a moving film, with sound
noun
Recording capturing action with sound
verb
To make a moving film of, with sound

river

US / ˈrɪvə(r) /

•

UK / ˈrɪvɚ /

noun
Flowing water that runs from mountains to the sea

maybe

US / ˈmeɪbi /

•

UK / ˈmebi /

adverb
Possibly but not certainly; perhaps

landscape

US / 'lændskeɪp /

•

UK / ˈlændˌskep /

noun
Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
Picture of natural scenery in a place
View of a (beautiful) country area or scene
verb
To make gardens that improve an area of land

transform

US / træns'fɔ:m /

•

UK / trænsˈfɔrm /

verb
To change the shape completely in a good way

sweep

US / swi:p /

•

UK / swip /

noun
Man who cleans chimneys
Act of cleaning a surface with a brush
Long, smooth movement made with your arm or a tool
Movement or search that covers a large area
verb
To clean something from a surface with a brush
To move or pass quickly and steadily
To search a very wide area for something

margarine

US / ˌmɑ:dʒəˈri:n /

•

UK / ˈmɑ:rdʒərən /

noun
Butter substitute made from food oils

powerful

US / ˈpauəful /

•

UK / ˈpaʊəfəl /

adjecitve
Having control or influence over
Having a lot of physical force, energy, strength

can

US / kæn /

•

UK / kən,kæn /

noun
A metal container for storing food
other
Able to; have the skill to; have the time to
verb
To have permission to
To be possible to do
To preserve food by sealing it in a metal container

adam

US / ˈædəm /

•

UK / ˈædəm /

proper noun
(in the biblical and Koranic traditions) the first man. According to the Book of Genesis, Adam was c

especially

US / ɪˈspeʃəli /

•

UK / ɛˈspɛʃəli, ɪˈspɛʃ- /

adverb
More than usual; extremely

war

US / wɔ:(r) /

•

UK / wɔr /

noun
Situation where armies fight each other

our

US / 'aʊə(r) /

•

UK / aʊr /

determiner
Belonging to us

would

US / wʊd /

•

UK / wʊd /

other
Used to indicate something imagined
Used to ask or request something politely
Verb used to indicate possibility, request etc.
Used to indicate a preference
Used to indicate a reaction
Indicates something that occurred repeatedly
Used to indicate willingness or ability to do

yet

US / jet /

•

UK / jɛt /

adverb
At a later time (used after ‘not’)
(Used to emphasize that thing is, will be greater)
Eventually; at a future time
Until now; up to the present
conjunction
Adding to what has been said, often as a contrast

melanie

US / ˈmɛləni /

•

UK / ˈmɛləni /

wide

US / waɪd /

•

UK / waɪd /

adjecitve
Having a great distance from one side to the other
adverb
Fully; completely

tiny

US / 'taɪnɪ /

•

UK / ˈtaɪni /

adjecitve
Very, very small

electrically

US / ɪ'lektrɪklɪ /

•

UK / ɪˈlɛktrɪklɪ /

adverb
In a manner that uses or includes electricity

infinitely

US / ˈɪnfɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈɪnfənɪtlɪ /

adverb
Continuing forever without end; very great

right

US / raɪt /

•

UK / raɪt /

adjecitve
Correct or true
The south side of you looking at the rising sun
adverb
Exactly in a place or time
Being appropriate for a particular event
In a straight or direct manner
noun
Something you are legally or morally allowed to do
Ideal of what is just and good
Political view based on conservatism
verb
To fix something previously wrong or unjust
To make upright, as a boat that has turned over

people

US / 'pi:pl /

•

UK / ˈpipəl /

noun
Persons sharing culture, country, background, etc.
Men, Women, Children

find

US / faɪnd /

•

UK / faɪnd /

noun
Object discovered by chance
Things that have been discovered from searching
verb
To become aware of something that is happening
To discover or meet by chance
To decide if someone is guilty of a crime, or not
To learn through study, research, or effort
To discover something by looking for it

happen

US / 'hæpən /

•

UK / ˈhæpən /

verb
To take place or occur

watch

US / wɒtʃ /

•

UK / wɑtʃ /

noun
Period of time someone is responsible for guarding
Device you wear on your wrist that shows the time
Official warning statement, e.g. of bad weather
verb
To keep in check, manage, or control something
To look at something for entertainment, e.g. TV
To guard a place or people; protect child, etc.
To look at carefully to work out what is happening
To protect and care for someone or something

first

US / fɜ:st /

•

UK / fɚst /

adjecitve
1st; Coming before all others in time or place
noun
Something that has not happened before
Position of the winner of a competition

task

US / tɑ:sk /

•

UK / tæsk /

noun
Big or small piece of work someone has to do
verb
To be given something to do, e.g. wash dishes

site

US / saɪt /

•

UK / saɪt /

noun
Place that is reserved for a particular activity
Location of building work
Location of something
Place where something of special interest happened
Website
verb
To place something in a particular position, area

example

US / ɪgˈzɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzæmpəl /

noun
Thing, person which represents a category

iron

US / ˈaɪən /

•

UK / ˈaɪərn /

adjecitve
Being very tough, strong, and determined
noun
Heavy metal device heated to smooth clothes
Golf club with a metal head
Strong hard metal used to make steel
verb
To use a hot flat-based machine to smooth clothes

tell

US / tel /

•

UK / tɛl /

verb
To (strongly) advise a person to do something
To be able to guess
To say or communicate information to someone
To inform, but without speaking; indicate
To have a negative effect on someone
To order someone to do something; command
To recognize something based on certain signs
To report something to an authority
To explain something or teach someone something

analysis

US / əˈnæləsɪs /

•

UK / əˈnælɪsɪs /

noun
Careful study to better understand something

mercury

US / ˈmɜ:kjəri /

•

UK / ˈmɜ:rkjəri /

noun
Silver-white metal that is used in thermometers
Planet that is closest to the sun

like

US / laɪk /

•

UK / laɪk /

adjecitve
Being equal in status or kind to something else
Similar; the same
adverb
For example
preposition
Used as a filler; used to ad emphasis
In a way similar to the way something is done
Such as; for example
verb
To want to
To find something pleasing; to prefer something

shoreline

US / ˈʃɔ:laɪn /

•

UK / ˈʃɔ:rlaɪn /

noun
Boundary line between land and water

during

US / ˈdjʊərɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈdʊrɪŋ, ˈdjʊr- /

preposition
At some point in the course of an event or thing

specie

US / 'spi:ʃi: /

•

UK / 'spi:ʃɪ /

noun
Singular of species

thrive

US / θraɪv /

•

UK / θraɪv /

verb
To be or become healthy or successful

flood

US / flʌd /

•

UK / flʌd /

noun
Large number of people or things arriving at once
Destruction when a river breaks its banks
verb
To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
(Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely

get

US / ɡet /

•

UK / ɡɛt /

verb
To become affected by illness or disease
To begin to feel or understand an emotion or idea
To send or bring someone or something home, etc.
To go somewhere to obtain something
To (cause to) do a particular thing
To obtain, receive or be given something
To currently have
To prepare for use
To understand something being said or read

what

US / wɒt /

•

UK / hwɑt, hwʌt, wɔt, wʌt,hwət, wət /

pronoun
Thing or things that; the same kind as
Used to emphasize something you are about to say
adjecitve
Used to refer to a particular amount, or number
Used to place emphasis on a particular quality
adverb
To a certain degree
determiner
Question words used for asking for information
exclamation
Used to express excitement, shock, or surprise
Used to ask people to repeat something they said

storey

US / 'stɔ:rɪ /

•

UK / ˈstɔri, ˈstori /

noun
One of many floors or levels in a building

present

US / 'preznt /

•

UK / ˈprɛznt /

adjecitve
Being in attendance; being there; having turned up
noun
Gift
Verb tense indicating an action is happening now
Current time; now
verb
To introduce someone to others
To host a program on television or radio
To give a speech or presentation
To show something to someone who will examine it
To appear or happen
To give an award or prize to someone

fun

US / fʌn /

•

UK / fʌn /

adjecitve
Amusing and enjoyable
noun
Enjoyable or amusing quality or feeling

enough

US / ɪˈnʌf /

•

UK / ɪˈnʌf /

adjecitve
Sufficient to answer the need
adverb
To a satisfactory degree
pronoun
Equal to what is needed; as much as required
Adequate number or amount

perseverance

US / ˌpɜ:sɪˈvɪərəns /

•

UK / ˌpɜ:sɪˈvɪərəns /

noun
Act of continuing to try despite difficulties

suitable

US / ˈsu:təbl /

•

UK / ˈsutəbəl /

adjecitve
Right for a particular purpose or occasion
(Of clothes) appropriate for a given occasion

hart

US / hɑ:t /

•

UK / hɑ:rt /

noun
A male deer, especially an adult male red deer

down

US / daʊn /

•

UK / daʊn /

adjecitve
Being sad, sick, or unhappy
Not operating, working, or functioning as expected
adverb
In a sitting or lying position
Towards or on the ground, floor, or bottom
Written or copied onto a piece of paper or book
noun
A period of play in American Football
The soft, smooth hairs that cover a bird's body
preposition
Along something's path, course, or direction
Going from a higher position to a lower position
verb
To eat or drink very quickly and without stopping

about

US / ə'baʊt /

•

UK / əˈbaʊt /

adverb
To be ready to; going to
Nearly; approximately; roughly
Near; next to; close to
In every direction; in the area of
preposition
Concerning or of (a topic)

lab

US / læb /

•

UK / læb /

noun
Short for 'laboratory'

offer

US / 'ɒfə(r) /

•

UK / ˈɔfɚ, ˈɑfɚ /

noun
Price you say you are willing to pay for something
Act of making a thing available to be accepted
verb
To suggest a price you are willing to pay
To give the opportunity to accept something
To say you are willing to do something
To give or say something as an act of worship

methane

US / ˈmi:θeɪn /

•

UK / ˈmeθeɪn /

noun
Colorless gas without smell often used as fuel

then

US / ðen /

•

UK / ðɛn /

adverb
A time that is not now
Following another thing in time or arrangement
Following on reasonably from what was just stated
At that time, not now

dynamic

US / daɪˈnæmɪk /

•

UK / daiˈnæmik /

adjecitve
Always active or energetic; getting things done

venus

US / ˈviːnəs /

•

UK / ˈviːnəs /

other
The second nearest planet to the sun; it is peculiar in that its rotation is slow and retrograde (in
Type genus of the family Veneridae: genus of edible clams with thick oval shells

mean

US / mi:n /

•

UK / min /

adjecitve
Being good at
Nasty; unkind
Not liking to spend money; cheap; stingy
noun
Average of a set of numbers
verb
To express a particular idea or thought
To intend to do something in particular
To have a particular meaning or value

bottom

US / 'bɒtəm /

•

UK / ˈbɑtəm /

adjecitve
Concerning the part under something, e.g. a vase
noun
The part of your body you sit on
Lowest position, often in a company or contest
Lowest part of something; part on which it rests
Lowest level, part or point of an object
The part under something, e.g. a vase
verb
To hit the lowest part of something

again

US / ə'ɡen /

•

UK / əˈɡɛn /

adverb
One more time, once more

inhospitable

US / ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl /

•

UK / ˌɪnhɑ:ˈspɪtəbl /

adjecitve
Being difficult to live in due to conditions
Not welcoming guests; unfriendly

obvious

US / ˈɒbviəs /

•

UK / ˈɑbviəs /

adjecitve
Easily understood and clear; plain to see

different

US / ˈdɪfrənt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfrənt /

adjecitve
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

each

US / i:tʃ /

•

UK / itʃ /

determiner
Every one of two or more things
pronoun
Per one person or thing

hit

US / hɪt /

•

UK / hɪt /

noun
A planned killing, usually for money
Song, movie etc. that is successful
When someone strikes someone or something
Time when a player makes contact with the ball
Time when a website is accessed
verb
To have a negative impact on a person/place/thing
To press something, such as a button or switch
To suddenly realize the importance of something
To move your hand, a bat, etc. against with force
To fight, attack or damage something or someone
To arrive at a specific place, level, or goal
To make contact with the ball in a game or sport

shut

US / ʃʌt /

•

UK / ʃʌt /

verb
To stop being open for business
To close something, e.g. a door

second

US / 'sekənd /

•

UK / ˈsɛkənd /

adjecitve
2nd; the one following first
noun
Unit of time; one sixtieth of a minute
Short period of time that you wait for someone
(Do) soon

similar

US / ˈsɪmələ(r) /

•

UK / ˈsɪməlɚ /

adjecitve
Nearly the same; alike

require

US / rɪ'kwaɪə(r) /

•

UK / rɪˈkwaɪr /

verb
To demand that someone does something
To need to do something, to make it necessary

emerge

US / ɪ'mɜ:dʒ /

•

UK / ɪˈmɚdʒ /

verb
To rise or appear out of some background

search

US / sɜ:tʃ /

•

UK / sɜ:rtʃ /

noun
Examination of person to find something
Action to find an answer to a problem
Action of trying to find someone or something
verb
To examine a person's clothing to find something
To look for an answer or explanation to a problem
To look carefully for someone or something

that

US / ðæt /

•

UK / ðæt, ðət /

adjecitve
The person or thing being talked about
Used to identify something both the speakers know
adverb
Used to reinforce adjectives and adverbs
To such a degree
conjunction
Used to connect a noun clause
Used to introduce an adverbial clause
Used to introduce a noun clause
determiner
Used as a noun to refer to something
pronoun
Referring an object far away
Used to refer to the relative pronoun ‘which’

even

US / 'i:vn /

•

UK / ˈivən /

adjecitve
Being equal in influence, power, possibility etc.
Being divided equally or fairly
(Of teams/contest) with similar chances of success
Smooth, level, or regular
Can be divided by 2; ending in 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0
At a regular, equally steady manner
Remaining steady and unchanging
adverb
(When this is surprising) as well; too
(Used to compare two things/stress the difference)
verb
To make something level; to flatten
To make something equal

sink

US / sɪŋk /

•

UK / sɪŋk /

noun
Large bowl in a kitchen or washroom for washing
verb
To push something down into the ground
To dig (a well)
To move down toward a lower point
To decrease in value or amount

martian

US / ˈmɑː.ʃən /

•

UK / ˈmɑːr.ʃən /

adjecitve
Relating to the planet Mars, or to creatures that are believed to come from Mars
noun
A creature, usually appearing in films and books, who is believed to come from Mars

least

US / li:st /

•

UK / list /

adverb
In the smallest or lowest way
noun
Something that is of the lowest or smallest degree

mystical

US / ˈmɪstɪkl /

•

UK / ˈmɪstɪkəl /

adjecitve
Awe-inspiring or mysterious

primarily

US / praɪˈmerəli /

•

UK / praɪˈmɛrəli, -ˈmɛr- /

adverb
In the most basic or important way

impact

US / 'ɪmpækt /

•

UK / ˈɪmˌpækt /

noun
A striking effect or result to hit with force
Very strong influence
Act or force of one thing hitting something else
verb
To hit or strike someone or something with force

place

US / pleɪs /

•

UK / ples /

noun
Particular location, area or region
verb
To put someone in a particular type of situation
To put something in a certain location or position

force

US / fɔ:s /

•

UK / fɔrs, fors /

noun
Group of persons trained for military action; army
Pressure; attraction
The use of physical strength/violence to persuade
verb
To use physical strength or violence to persuade

anymore

US / 'enɪmɔ: /

•

UK / ˌɛniˈmɔr, -ˈmor /

adverb
No longer; no more

field

US / fi:ld /

•

UK / fild /

noun
Area of study, such as physics or biology
Piece of land used to grow crops/raise animals
Open area of land, especially without buildings
Grassed area where you play some sports
verb
To respond to something or answer a question
To catch or stop a ball during a game

through

US / θru: /

•

UK / θru /

adjecitve
having finished using or doing something
adverb
From the beginning of something until the end
preposition
Over, in, across an entire thing or place
Allowing you to pass between, or to
By a particular way or process; by the use of

molecule

US / ˈmɒlɪkju:l /

•

UK / ˈmɑlɪˌkjul /

noun
Two or more atoms chemically combined

celestial

US / səˈlestiəl /

•

UK / səˈlestʃl /

adjecitve
Concerning the sky or objects in the sky

generation

US / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn /

•

UK / ˌdʒɛnəˈreʃən /

noun
Act or process of producing or causing something
People born and living at about the same time

amount

US / ə'maʊnt /

•

UK / əˈmaʊnt /

noun
Quantity of something
verb
To add up to a certain figure

home

US / həʊm /

•

UK / hom /

adjecitve
A sports team's own field or place of play
adverb
Into the correct or intended position
noun
House, apartment or building to be rented or sold
Institution for sick or elderly people
Place where a person or a family lives
Country where a person lives or was born
Region that is native to peoples, plant or animals
verb
To move towards a particular target location

period

US / ˈpɪəriəd /

•

UK / ˈpɪriəd /

noun
Set amount of time during which events take place
A way to emphasize what you will say
A full stop (.), marking the end of a sentence
A menstrual cycle
A set time for a class to be held

lava

US / ˈlɑ:və /

•

UK / 'lɑ:və /

noun
Very hot liquid rock flowing from a volcano

begin

US / bɪ'ɡɪn /

•

UK / ˈbeɡɪn /

verb
To do the first part of an action; to start

capable

US / 'keɪpəbl /

•

UK / ˈkepəbəl /

adjecitve
Being able to do something very well; proficient

few

US / fju: /

•

UK / fju /

pronoun
Not many, a small number

send

US / send /

•

UK / sɛnd /

verb
To cause to behave or respond in a particular way
To cause mail or packages to go to another place
To move something quickly in a particular way
To give information or greetings to someone

tinge

US / tɪndʒ /

•

UK / tɪndʒ /

noun
Small quantity of color, emotion or quality
verb
To give a small quantity of color, emotion etc.

much

US / mʌtʃ /

•

UK / mʌtʃ /

adjecitve
Very; to a high level or degree
adverb
A lot; large amount; a high degree of
Nearly; basically
On many occasions; often
noun
A large amount; a great quantity

why

US / waɪ /

•

UK / hwaɪ, waɪ /

adverb
Question word to ask for a reason
exclamation
(Used to express surprise or approval)

technology

US / tek'nɒlədʒɪ /

•

UK / tɛkˈnɑlədʒi /

noun
Use or knowledge of science in industry etc.

representative

US / ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv /

•

UK / ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪv /

adjecitve
Acting or speaking for other people
Typical of a particular group or thing
noun
Typical example of a particular category
Politician who acts on behalf of the people
A person who acts as an agent or sales person

talk

US / tɔ:k /

•

UK / tɔk /

noun
Style of speaking
Discussion between two countries
Giving information in front of people; lecture
Saying things or ideas to someone with words
verb
To make a formal speech about something
To say things or ideas to someone with words

dynamo

US / ˈdaɪnəməʊ /

•

UK / ˈdaɪnəmoʊ /

noun
Generator of electricity from mechanical energy

those

US / ðəʊz /

•

UK / ðoz /

determiner
The people or things we are talking about
pronoun
The objects far from the speaker

door

US / dɔ:(r) /

•

UK / dɔr,dor /

noun
You walk through this when you go in a room

belch

US / beltʃ /

•

UK / bɛltʃ /

noun
Act of letting stomach air exit your mouth noisily
verb
To let stomach air exit your mouth noisily

vast

US / vɑ:st /

•

UK / væst /

adjecitve
Being very large in size or amount

warm

US / wɔ:m /

•

UK / wɔrm /

adjecitve
Friendly, sincere and kind to others
Being friendly or sincere
Slightly hot; not very hot
verb
To become more friendly or to like something
To make something hotter

die

US / daɪ /

•

UK / daɪ /

noun
Cube with dots numbering 1-6 on it used in games
verb
To cease to function or work
(Of a thing) to stop being used or done
(Of a person) to stop living

greek

US / gri:k /

•

UK / ɡrik /

adjecitve
Concerning the culture and people of Greece
noun
Person from Greece

tantalizing

US / 'tæntəlaɪzɪŋ /

•

UK / ˈtæntl:aɪzɪŋ /

adjecitve
Arousing desire for but not allowed to have

definitely

US / ˈdefɪnətli /

•

UK / ˈdefɪnətli /

adverb
Without question; beyond doubt

foreboding

US / fɔ:ˈbəʊdɪŋ /

•

UK / fɔrˈbodɪŋ, for- /

noun
Feeling that something bad is about to happen

system

US / 'sɪstəm /

•

UK / ˈsɪstəm /

adjecitve
Working in an organized, logical way
noun
Set of organized, planned ideas that work together

incredible

US / ɪnˈkredəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl /

adjecitve
Very good; amazing
Really good; amazing; great
Very hard to believe

protection

US / prəˈtekʃn /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkʃən /

noun
Being kept from harm
Something that defends against harm or danger

for

US / fə(r) /

•

UK / fɔr,fə /

preposition
Used to show the purpose, or need of something

invisible

US / ɪnˈvɪzəbl /

•

UK / ɪnˈvɪzəbəl /

adjecitve
Being unable to be seen
Of money earned from services, instead of products

start

US / stɑ:t /

•

UK / stɑrt /

noun
First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
First opportunity to achieve something, e.g. a job
Sudden action or movement because you are scared
other
Beginning of something in place or time
verb
To do, be or happen for the first time; begin
To turn something on

wind

US / wɪnd /

•

UK / wɪnd /

adjecitve
(Musical instruments) that you blow into to play
noun
A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Something that has influence
verb
If a road, path, or river winds, it follows a route that turns repeatedly in different directions
To turn or cause something to turn
To twist around something

green

US / gri:n /

•

UK / ɡrin /

adjecitve
Color of young leaves
Covered with vegetation, e.g. grass
Concerned about protecting the environment
The color of young leaves
Lacking in experience/knowledge due to being young
Being not fully grown or ripe, as in fruit
noun
Large grassy area
used as a part of a name of a place (UK)

package

US / ˈpækɪdʒ /

•

UK / ˈpækɪdʒ /

adjecitve
Presented as one item but includes several
noun
Box or container items are placed in for mailing
A container for items for sale, e.g. food
Group of several items or services offered as one
verb
To present or sell a group of things as one item
To put something into a container to store it

just

US / dʒʌst /

•

UK / dʒʌst /

adjecitve
Proper or appropriate; as is deserved
Doing or being what is right or fair
Legally correct; having enough evidence
adverb
Almost; nearly
Exactly at the time of
Exactly (the same as, like)

gaze

US / ɡeɪz /

•

UK / ɡez /

noun
Direction you are looking
verb
To look at with fixed eyes

question

US / 'kwestʃən /

•

UK / ˈkwɛstʃən /

noun
Issue or problems you are dealing with
What you ask about; issue
verb
To ask for or try to get information
To have or express concerns or uncertainty

trap

US / træp /

•

UK / træp /

noun
Device used for catching animals
Vehicle pulled by a single horse
Area or hazard on a golf course
Someone's mouth
Uncomfortable event that is hard to escape
verb
To use a device to catch animals or people
To hold, e.g. a nerve, so that it cannot move
To catch or prevent someone from escaping
To trick someone
To put into a situation you can't escape from

trace

US / treɪs /

•

UK / tres /

noun
Very small quantity of something
verb
To make an outline to determine a shape
To find someone or something that has disappeared
To draw the outline of an image through thin paper

water

US / 'wɔ:tə(r) /

•

UK / ˈwɔtɚ, ˈwɑtɚ /

noun
Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
Large area such as an ocean or sea
verb
(Of the eyes) to produce tears
(Mouth) to become wet at the thought of nice food
To pour liquids onto a plant to keep it alive

well

US / wel /

•

UK / wɛl /

adjecitve
Being in a fortunate, good condition or state
Healthy and in good condition
adverb
In an acceptable, proper, or successful manner
In a complete, total, or full manner
A great and considerable degree
In a successful way, in a good or satisfactory way
exclamation
Used to begin or continue a particular statement
Used to show you want to start saying something
Used to express that you are waiting for a reply
You say this to change the topic of a conversation
Used to indicate you are making a final remark
noun
Long deep hole in the ground to get water
verb
To cause your eyes to fill with tears

time

US / taɪm /

•

UK / taɪm /

noun
Speed at which music is played; tempo
Point as shown on a clock, e.g. 3 p.m
Number of hours, minutes needed to do something
Occasion when something happens
Period or occasion that something occurred
Period in history or the past
Something measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.
How long an event takes; duration
verb
To check speed at which music is performed
To choose a specific moment to do something
To measure how long an event takes, e.g. a race
To schedule something to occur at a specific moment

erode

US / ɪ'rəʊd /

•

UK / ɪˈrod /

verb
To destroy something gradually; be destroyed thus
To wear away gradually by water, ice or wind

promise

US / 'prɒmɪs /

•

UK / ˈprɑmɪs /

verb
To say you will certainly do something

difference

US / 'dɪfrəns /

•

UK / ˈdɪfərəns, ˈdɪfrəns /

noun
A thing or issue that people do not agree about
Not of the same kind; unlike other things

since

US / sɪns /

•

UK / sɪns /

adverb
At a point before the present time
conjunction
For this reason; because
preposition
From the time in the past that

joke

US / dʒəʊk /

•

UK / dʒoʊk /

noun
A funny or amusing statement
Something or someone not taken seriously
verb
To say or do things that are meant to be funny

microbe

US / ˈmaɪkrəʊb /

•

UK / ˈmaɪkroʊb /

noun
Very small, microscopic, living thing

never

US / 'nevə(r) /

•

UK / ˈnɛvɚ /

adverb
Not ever; not at any time

interpret

US / ɪn'tɜ:prɪt /

•

UK / ɪnˈtɚprɪt /

verb
To express so that others understand it
To translate what is said into another language

light

US / laɪt /

•

UK / laɪt /

adjecitve
Being bright making it easy to see; not dark
Being pale and lacking darkness of color
Not heavy; weighing only a little
adverb
Carrying few bags when traveling
noun
A source of energy that makes a room or area bright
Way in which something or someone is understood
verb
To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
To provide a way to see ahead

organic

US / ɔ:ˈgænɪk /

•

UK / ɔrˈɡænɪk /

adjecitve
Developing naturally and without a set structure
Concerning food made with few or no chemicals
Concerning living things

ask

US / ɑ:sk /

•

UK / æsk /

verb
To say to someone that you want something

though

US / ðəu /

•

UK / ðo /

adverb
Although, despite the fact that

difficult

US / 'dɪfɪkəlt /

•

UK / ˈdɪfɪˌkʌlt, -kəlt /

adjecitve
Hard; not easy; you need to work hard to do it

cold

US / kəʊld /

•

UK / kold /

adjecitve
Having a very low temperature
Being unfriendly or lacking emotion
noun
Illness of sneezing, coughing, and a sore throat

astrology

US / əˈstrɒlədʒi /

•

UK / əˈstrɑ:lədʒi /

noun
Study of how the stars influence human lives

ocean

US / 'əʊʃn /

•

UK / ˈoʃən /

noun
Large body of salt water; a large sea

cool

US / ku:l /

•

UK / kul /

adjecitve
Steady and calm when facing difficulties
Almost cold; not warm or hot
Smart or stylish in a way (young) people admire
Unfriendly in an indirect way; distant
verb
To make something decrease in temperature
(Of an emotion, etc.) to become less strongly felt

earth

US / ɜ:θ /

•

UK / ɚθ /

noun
Wire connecting an electrical device to the ground
The planet we live on
Soil in which we grow plants

check

US / tʃek /

•

UK / tʃɛk /

adjecitve
Decorated with squares made up of lines
noun
Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
Printed piece of paper you sign to pay for things
A mark on a form, equivalent to 'yes'; tick
Mark used to show that something is correct
Procedure to prevent errors or control something
verb
To confirm the details of something are correct
To leave your things with staff who look after it
To examine something to see if something is wrong
To examine in order to prevent errors/a problem

charge

US / tʃɑ:dʒ /

•

UK / tʃɑrdʒ /

noun
An attack by running quickly toward someone
A price for a service or goods
When a battery has a certain amount of electricity
Amount of money you pay for a service
verb
To run quickly toward someone to attack them
To ask for money as a price for a service or goods
To put electricity in a battery
To give responsibility to take care of or manage
To state that someone has committed a crime

cycle

US / ˈsaɪkl /

•

UK / ˈsaɪkəl /

noun
Series of regular and repeated actions
Bicycle, bike
verb
To go through a series of events repeatedly
To ride on a bicycle

machine

US / mə'ʃi:n /

•

UK / məˈʃin /

noun
Piece of equipment used to do work
Powerful group who control and organize things
verb
To shape, work on something, using a device

davidson

US / ˈdeɪvɪdsən /

•

UK / /

astronomy

US / əˈstrɒnəmi /

•

UK / əˈstrɑ:nəmi /

noun
Study of stars and other bodies in space

magnetosphere

US / mæg'ni:təsfɪə /

•

UK / mæg'ni:təˌsfɪr /

noun
Magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more

complete

US / kəm'pli:t /

•

UK / kəmˈplit /

adjecitve
Being finished; done; achieved
Being as perfect and as total as could be
verb
To finish or reach the end of doing something

sun

US / sʌn /

•

UK / sʌn /

noun
Light and heat coming from a large star in the sky
Hot shining star the Earth moves around
verb
To lie in the sunshine and enjoy its warmth

boy

US / bɔɪ /

•

UK / bɔɪ /

noun
A young male person

process

US / prə'ses /

•

UK / ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs /

noun
Dealing with official forms in the way required
Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
verb
To organize and use data in a computer
To deal with official forms in the way required
To prepare by treating something in a certain way
To adopt a set of actions that produce a result
To convert by putting something through a machine

recently

US / ˈri:sntli /

•

UK / 'risṇtlɪ /

adverb
Just a while ago; not long ago

without

US / wɪˈðaʊt /

•

UK / wɪðˈaʊt, wɪθ- /

preposition
Not with; not having

byproduct

US / 'baɪˌprɒdʌkt /

•

UK / ˈbaɪˌprɑdəkt /

noun
A waste product made from making something else

know

US / nəʊ /

•

UK / noʊ /

verb
To be familiar with a person or place, thing
To feel sure or be convinced about something
To discover or be aware of something
To be able to distinguish
To have knowledge of things

have

US / həv /

•

UK / hæv /

verb
To drink, smoke, eat or use something
To experience the effects of something
To organize an event, or join in an activity
To own, possess, or hold something
To cause to happen or produce a particular effect

clear

US / klɪə(r) /

•

UK / klɪr /

adjecitve
Empty; without anything in it or on it
Being certain and without doubt
Being without any streaks, spots, or cracks
Easy to understand; well-explained; obvious
adverb
Completely; entirely; through the whole of
Away from; free from
verb
To recover from or remove a problem
To get rid of the entire contents of
To give permission for something to happen
To make a place or surface empty by removing
To prove that someone is not guilty or to blame

flash

US / flæʃ /

•

UK / flæʃ /

noun
Sudden and brief appearance of something
Light used by a camera to brighten the area
Sudden feeling, idea or occurrence
Publicly exposing your genitals to others
Sudden bright light
Showing something very quickly and briefly
Light used in the dark, powered by batteries
verb
To appear suddenly and briefly
To publicly expose your genitals to others
To shine brightly very suddenly and briefly
To show something very quickly and briefly

eric

US / ˈerɪk /

•

UK / /

prime

US / praɪm /

•

UK / praɪm /

adjecitve
Concerning the highest in quality or value
Concerning the highest level of achievement
Most important, chief importance in value
verb
To get a person ready for; prepare someone
To coat with paint to prepare it for the main coat

scientist

US / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

•

UK / ˈsaɪəntɪst /

noun
Person who is trained in a science

exist

US / ɪɡ'zɪst /

•

UK / ɪɡˈzɪst /

verb
To be present, alive or real

young

US / jʌŋ /

•

UK / jʌŋ /

adjecitve
At an early stage of existence; not mature
Being recently created or started
noun
Babies in a group or family of animals

shield

US / ʃi:ld /

•

UK / ʃild /

noun
A family's coat of arms or insignia
Device used to protect from a harmful force
Large piece of metal, etc. carried by police, etc.
Large piece of metal carried for protection
verb
To cover (e.g. your face) so as to hide from
To cover from a dangerous or harmful force

see

US / si: /

•

UK / si /

verb
To go on a date with someone
To predict whether something is, or will be true
To understand what someone says
To use your eyes to look at something
To visit a place often for sightseeing or pleasure
To visit or meet with someone
To find out by waiting or looking
To watch (a game, movie or TV show)

curious

US / ˈkjʊəriəs /

•

UK / ˈkjʊriəs /

adjecitve
Wanting to know more about something
Attracting interest by being strange or unusual

radical

US / ˈrædɪkl /

•

UK / ˈrædɪkəl,'rædɪkḷ /

adjecitve
Very new and different from what is traditional
Concerning something's most basic part or form
noun
Person who believes in extreme political change

unfold

US / ʌn'fəʊld /

•

UK / ʌnˈfold /

other
To happen, be told or be revealed
verb
(Of a situation) to be told or revealed
To open something that was folded
To move apart two things such as your two arms

count

US / kaʊnt /

•

UK / kaʊnt /

noun
Number of things added together, e.g. votes
With the number of crimes, knockouts, as stated
verb
To add things together to find the total number
To matter or be important
To include someone or something in a final number

last

US / lɑ:st /

•

UK / læst /

adjecitve
Most recent; the latest
The one before
adverb
Final; with nothing following; after all others
Most recent; the latest
determiner
The one at the end
verb
To remain or continue for a certain period of time

retrieve

US / rɪˈtri:v /

•

UK / rɪˈtriv /

verb
To find and bring in animals during a hunt
To get information from a computer
To find and get something from somewhere

alive

US / ə'laɪv /

•

UK / əˈlaɪv /

adjecitve
Living; not dead

diameter

US / daɪˈæmɪtə(r) /

•

UK / daɪˈæmɪtɚ /

noun
Distance across the center of an object

explore

US / ɪk'splɔ:(r) /

•

UK / ɪkˈsplɔr /

verb
To examine something in detail to learn about it
To travel to a place to discover more about it

could

US / kəd /

•

UK / kʊd /

other
Past form of 'can' to mean have ability
Used to ask for something politely, or to offer

US / nekst /

•

UK / nɛkst /

adverb
The one that follows another in time or order
At a time or place directly after the present one
noun
The one that follows after
adjecitve
Immediately after the previous one
First occurrence after the present one

discovery

US / dɪ'skʌvərɪ /

•

UK / dɪˈskʌvəri /

noun
Learning something for the first time

protect

US / prə'tekt /

•

UK / prəˈtɛkt /

verb
To defend someone or something from harm or danger

sample

US / ˈsɑ:mpl /

•

UK / ˈsæmpl /

noun
A small quantity of something used as a taster
verb
To try (e.g. food, drink), to see if you like it

seep

US / si:p /

•

UK / sip /

verb
To flow slowly through small openings or pores

center

US / 'sentə /

•

UK / ˈsɛntɚ /

noun
Community place people go health or social reasons
Place in the middle of something
Person or thing that is attracting attention
verb
To direct focus toward something

history

US / 'hɪstrɪ /

•

UK / ˈhɪstəri /

noun
Established pattern or record
Study of past events as an academic subject

full

US / fʊl /

•

UK / fʊl /

adjecitve
Containing all the parts; complete
Containing or holding as much as possible
Having had enough food
adverb
In a direct manner; completely

century

US / 'sentʃərɪ /

•

UK / ˈsɛntʃəri /

noun
Period of 100 years

orbit

US / 'ɔ:bɪt /

•

UK / ˈɔrbɪt /

noun
Path an object takes as it circles another object
verb
To go around another object (often in space)

origin

US / ˈɒrɪdʒɪn /

•

UK / ˈɔrədʒɪn,ˈɑr- /

noun
Point at which something begins or is created
Country or social group that a person comes from

part

US / pɑ:t /

•

UK / pɑ:rt /

adjecitve
To some degree; half; not fully
noun
Division of a book
Ratio of something, e.g. 3 of gin, 1 of tonic
A line in a person's hair, made with a comb
Character an actor plays on stage, movie, or TV
Some, but not all of a specific thing
Role in causing something to happen
verb
To make a line in a person's hair, by using a comb
To move two things apart creating a space
To leave someone, or to break off a relationship

low

US / ləʊ /

•

UK / lo /

adjecitve
Having a small quantity, supply, or amount
Being unhappy or unpleasant in attitude
Not high; being near the ground, or bottom
(Of a voice, sound) being soft; quiet
noun
Situation of not having a lot of something

jake

US / dʒeɪk /

•

UK / dʒeɪk /

adjective
All right; satisfactory.

often

US / ˈɔfən /

•

UK / ˈɔfən,ˈɑfən,ˈɔftən,ˈɑf- /

adverb
Many times; frequently; on many occasions

curiosity

US / ˌkjʊərɪ'ɒsətɪ /

•

UK / ˌkjʊriˈɑsɪti /

noun
Something unusual and perhaps worthy of collecting
Eager desire to learn more about something

saga

US / ˈsɑ:gə /

•

UK / ˈsɑɡə /

noun
Description of events occurring over a long period

world

US / wɜ:ld /

•

UK / wɜrld /

noun
All the humans, events, activities on the earth
Political division due to some kind of similarity

ice

US / aɪs /

•

UK / aɪs /

noun
Frozen gas or liquid, esp. water
Sweet food made of frozen cream, or juices
verb
To make something cold by putting on frozen water
To spread a sweet and creamy substance on a cake

away

US / ə'weɪ /

•

UK / əˈwe /

adjecitve
Not present
adverb
Disappear completely
Doing something with a lot of energy
Not here; far from here; in a different direction
To a different area, location

behind

US / bɪˈhaɪnd /

•

UK / bɪˈhaɪnd /

adjecitve
Concerning a later or slower time than expected
Being in a losing position in a sporting event
Being in the past; old fashioned
adverb
Remaining
noun
The part of the body that one sits on
preposition
At or toward the back of someone or something
Supporting or helping someone

datum

US / ˈdeɪtəm /

•

UK / ˈdetəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑtəm /

noun
Item of factual information

asteroid

US / ˈæstərɔɪd /

•

UK / ˈæstəˌrɔɪd /

noun
Very small planets that move around the sun

presence

US / ˈprezns /

•

UK / ˈprɛzəns /

noun
The same place or area that a person is
Ability to reach a market, group of people etc.
Something not physically seen but felt to be there
Feeling a person gives by being noticeable

polar

US / ˈpəʊlə(r) /

•

UK / ˈpolɚ /

adjecitve
Concerning the areas near the North or South poles

with

US / wɪð /

•

UK / wɪð, wɪθ /

preposition
As an employee of a certain company
Against something or someone
By using something as a means
Due to; because of
Including
Possessing as a feature
Related to
(Of the manner/attitude by which you do something)
Used to express that people or things are together

active

US / ˈæktɪv /

•

UK / ˈæktɪv /

adjecitve
Moving around a lot or doing many things

similarity

US / ˌsɪmə'lærətɪ /

•

UK / ˌsɪməˈlærɪti /

noun
Degree to which people or things are the same

outer

US / ˈaʊtə(r) /

•

UK / ˈaʊtɚ /

adjecitve
Far away
Being farther away from the center
On or around something; away from the center

Subtitles section

Around 3.7 billion years ago, a little north of the equator, a flash flood swept up a large boulder into a fast-running river.

It was carried downstream into a delta where the river met a lake that had formed inside a huge crater 45 kilometers wide, the impact site of an asteroid that had hit long ago.

Finally, the boulder splashed into the crater lake, sinking to the bottom.

Floods like this were fairly common on ancient Earth.

But this was not Earth.

This was Mars.

But at a time in the deep past when it was much more… Earth-like.

It had big bodies of liquid water on its surface.

It had a protective and insulating atmosphere.

It had a warmer climate.

And maybe, just maybe, it had life.

As far as we can tell, though, it doesn't have any of those things anymore.

Here on Eons, we often talk about the radical changes and countless revolutions that our planet has gone through over deep time.

But while Earth's natural history has been playing out over the last few billion years, another epic planetary saga has been unfolding right next door.

Even though we've been asking questions of that red dot in the night sky for a long time, we've only just recently begun to figure out some answers, thanks in large part to our curiosity and perseverance.

So what happened on Mars?

How and why did it go from that warm, wet, potentially habitable planet to the cold, dry, inhospitable one that we know today?

Well, the core reason seems to be that while we had some surface-level similarities at one point, internally, our two worlds were on very different trajectories.

Mars has meant a lot of different things to lots of different people over human history.

This strange, mobile point of light was counted by the ancient Greeks as one of the planetes, or wanderers.

And its foreboding reddish tinge meant that several ancient cultures interpreted it as a divine symbol of war, violence, and conflict.

But it wasn't until Galileo first gazed at the planet through a telescope in the early 1600s that Mars started to mean something very different.

As astrology gave way to astronomy, our views of Mars transformed from a mystical celestial body to an actual physical place.

An entire other world, complete with geologic features and vast landscapes that we could observe, map out, and dream of visiting.

And it opened the door to another tantalizing possibility, too.

As we gazed at Mars, was anything gazing back?

It was a question that we could only speculate about from a distance.

And boy, did we.

But we didn't have the technology to actually get any good answers.

It would take until the second half of the 20th century, when our relationship with Mars transformed yet again, for us to finally investigate this possibility.

Because Mars went from being a place that we could only observe from far away, to a destination that we could actually travel to.

Or at least send machines to on our behalf.

Orbiters, landers, and now rovers have revealed to us a dry, rocky, barren world with no obvious signs of life.

And they've also offered us the long-sought-after opportunity to gain new insight into the natural history of the planet.

Take the Perseverance rover, for example, our most recent robotic representative to arrive on the Red Planet.

Since 2021, Perseverance has been working on a very important mission.

To explore and study the now-dried-up lake bed of that crater we mentioned earlier.

It's looking for evidence of any ancient life that might have called that crater lake home, billions of years ago.

And the data that Perseverance has collected has also allowed us to trace ancient geological events from that more dynamic period of Mars' history.

Like the story of that flood nearly 4 billion years ago.

Back then, the planet had a thicker atmosphere and was much warmer, wetter, and suitable for life.

But to understand how and why Mars changed into what it is today, we need to go back to its formation.

See, Mars' origin story was very similar to Earth's, with a few important differences.

Both planets formed around 4.6 billion years ago from clouds of dust and rocky debris orbiting our Sun.

At their centers were partially molten cores of iron that gave both planets powerful magnetic fields.

This was a result of the dynamo effect, the generation of a magnetosphere by the rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting liquid iron in the outer core.

Now, we're lucky enough to still have an active and powerful magnetosphere here on Earth more than 4 billion years later.

It acts as an invisible shield, protecting our atmosphere from being eroded by solar wind, charged particles belched out from the Sun.

But Mars has lost its magnetosphere, and with it, protection from those solar winds.

Over time, they stripped away its thick atmosphere, its warmth, its protection from radiation, its liquid water, and it seems, any life it might have once had too.

Because Mars' dynamo switched off sometime after 3.7 billion years ago.

We can tell, because those are the youngest Martian rocks that are still magnetized, which happens when lava cools in the presence of a magnetic field.

We're still figuring out exactly why it switched off, but a big part of it may have simply come down to size.

See, Mars is only around half the diameter of Earth, so its core cooled down much faster after the planets formed.

This shut off the dynamo effect and exposed the atmosphere to the full force of the solar winds.

The planets, rivers, lakes, and perhaps even an ancient ocean all vanished as the water either froze, got trapped in rocks, or was lost to space without a thick atmosphere to retain it.

Though, they left behind the valleys, lake beds, and shorelines that they carved into the planet's surface, prime targets in our search for past, or present, Martian life.

Because the question is, if life had emerged during that long-gone age of habitability, could some especially resilient lineages have stuck around?

Maybe by moving underground or to the polar ice caps, where some amount of liquid water still exists.

After all, if studying life on Earth has taught us anything, it's that life finds a way.

And species, especially microbes, can often adapt to thrive in even the most extreme of environments.

Or, if not, could any evidence of past life have survived after all those billions of years?

While we haven't found any definitive evidence of Martian life yet, we have found some clues.

In 2018, for example, Perseverance's older sibling, Curiosity, made an intriguing discovery.

It collected data showing that the concentration of methane in Mars' thin atmosphere, a gas which on Earth is primarily produced by living organisms, seemed to cycle seasonally.

This suggested that the gas might be seeping out from underground reservoirs, which could potentially be a byproduct of microbial life below the surface, where there might be liquid water and where there's better protection from radiation.

Plus, both Curiosity and Perseverance have also found a variety of organic molecules in Martian rocks on the surface that are over 3 billion years old.

All life that we know of is carbon-based, so organic molecules are the necessary raw materials for, and potential trace of, ancient carbon-based life.

Now, to be clear, neither of these discoveries means that life either definitely used to exist on Mars or still does today.

Both could also just be a result of chemical and geological processes rather than biological ones.

We still don't know that for sure.

But there are basically three possible options.

Mars never had life.

Mars had life at some point, but it died out.

Or Mars had life and still has it today.

And figuring it out might even require another transformation in our relationship with the Red Planet.

We may need to bring Mars to us.

By returning some of the most promising samples to Earth, we could study them in much more detail than our rovers alone can on the planet itself.

So in late 2022, Perseverance carried out one of its most important orders.

It collected a rock sample from the crater, packaged it in a titanium tube, and left it at an assigned spot nearby.

This was the first of many samples of rock, sediment, and atmosphere that Perseverance has been tasked with carefully collecting.

And in the early 2030s, a robotic mission will arrive, retrieve some of the samples, and return them to Earth for analysis.

Scientists hope that studying actual samples of Mars in our labs from that ancient crater lake and other promising sites could be the key to figuring out the question of life on the planet.

Whatever the answer is, it will radically change how we understand the nature of life itself.

Is biology common or rare in the universe?

Is life on Mars related to life on Earth?

Is that life based on the same underlying biochemistry and genetics or a totally different system?

In other words, are there other ways of being alive?

And is life infinitely resilient, capable of adapting to even the most difficult times and persisting in some form?

Or can a planet lose its entire biosphere right down to the last microbe if conditions get bad enough?

And you can see how answering these questions, especially those last two, with the data from Mars' past, might be important for the future of life on Earth.

Curious about the microcosmos?

Join host Hank Green and Deboki Chakravarti on another show produced by our team, Journey to the Microcosmos.

If you haven't watched their videos yet, you are really missing out.

Each episode uses incredible footage to take you on a dive into the tiny, unseen world that surrounds us.

Check them out at youtube.com slash microcosmos.

We know that Mercury, Venus, and Mars are all super low on water.

So why do we have so much of it?

Find out in our episode, Where Did Water Come From?

And thanks to this month's a-mars-ing eontologists, Rafael Haas, Jake Hart, Juan M, Annie and Eric Higgins, John Davidson Ng, Melanie Lamb-Carneville, and Colton.

Become an Eonite at patreon.com slash eons, and you can get fun perks like submitting a joke for me to read.

Here's one from Sarah W. What are the basil animal's favorite herb?

Basil.

And as always, thanks for joining me in the Adam Lo studio.

Subscribe at youtube.com slash eons for more prehistoric stories.

Both planets formed around 4.6 billion years ago from clouds of dust and rocky debris or de...

Wow.

See, Marge is...

Marge.